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Jessica Lee Paranczak – ProQuest LLC, 2024
Recommendations for achieving generalized instructional outcomes often overlook the capacity for generative learning. We sought to demonstrate how decontextualized and logically organized instruction would lead to derived and contextually appropriate recombinative generalization and arbitrarily applicable relational responding (AARRing) in…
Descriptors: Generalization, Children, Intellectual Disability, Developmental Disabilities
Atlas, Lauren Y.; Phelps, Elizabeth A. – Learning & Memory, 2018
Fear-relevant stimuli such as snakes and spiders are thought to capture attention due to evolutionary significance. Classical conditioning experiments indicate that these stimuli accelerate learning, while instructed extinction experiments suggest they may be less responsive to instructions. We manipulated stimulus type during instructed aversive…
Descriptors: Fear, Stimuli, Hypothesis Testing, Visual Stimuli
Samantha Bergmann; Tiffany Kodak – Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 2024
Parity is one source of automatic reinforcement that increases the probability of verbal behavior that conforms to models provided by the verbal community. Parity as a conditioned reinforcer could explain the acquisition of grammar in the absence of direct, explicit reinforcement. This possibility has been explored in previous research on…
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Preschool Education, Verbal Development, Responses
Larsen, Inge Birkbak; Blenker, Per; Neergaard, Helle – Education & Training, 2023
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to examine the usefulness of the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model for systematizing and further exploring the knowledge of the role of entrepreneurship education (EE) in fostering students' entrepreneurial mindset (EM). Current research studying the EM in an educational setting often fails to conceptualize…
Descriptors: Entrepreneurship, College Students, Business Education, Models
Luo, Jiaorong; Yang, Mingcheng; Wang, Ling – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
The increased Simon effect with increasing the ratio of congruent trials may be interpreted by both attention modulation and irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) associations learning accounts, although the reversed Simon effect with increasing the ratio of incongruent trials provides evidence supporting the latter account. To investigate if…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Responses, Reaction Time, Accuracy
Bergstrom, Hadley C.; Lieberman, Abby G.; Graybeal, Carolyn; Lipkin, Anna M.; Holmes, Andrew – Learning & Memory, 2020
Most experimental preparations demonstrate a role for dorsolateral striatum (DLS) in stimulus-response, but not outcome-based, learning. Here, we assessed DLS involvement in a touchscreen-based reversal task requiring mice to update choice following a change in stimulus-reward contingencies. In vivo single-unit recordings in the DLS showed…
Descriptors: Brain Hemisphere Functions, Stimuli, Responses, Learning Processes
Bjorni, Max; Rovero, Natalie G.; Yang, Elissa R.; Holmes, Andrew; Halladay, Lindsay R. – Learning & Memory, 2020
While results from many past studies have implicated the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in mediating the expression of sustained negative affect, recent studies have highlighted a more complex role for BNST that includes aspects of fear learning in addition to defensive responding. As BNST is thought to encode ambiguous or…
Descriptors: Fear, Cues, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Learning Processes
Cho, Christina; Linster, Christiane – Learning & Memory, 2020
We present evidence that experience and cholinergic modulation in an early sensory network interact to improve certainty about olfactory stimuli. The data we present are in agreement with existing theoretical ideas about the functional role of acetylcholine but highlight the importance of early sensory networks in addition to cortical networks. We…
Descriptors: Olfactory Perception, Sensory Integration, Stimuli, Role
Evan L. Ardiel; Alex J. Yu; Andrew C. Giles; Catharine H. Rankin – npj Science of Learning, 2017
Habituation is a non-associative form of learning characterized by a decremented response to repeated stimulation. It is typically framed as a process of selective attention, allowing animals to ignore irrelevant stimuli in order to free up limited cognitive resources. However, habituation can also occur to threatening and toxic stimuli,…
Descriptors: Habituation, Stimuli, Brain, Learning Processes
Holmes, Nathan M.; Leung, Hiu T.; Westbrook, R. Frederick – Learning & Memory, 2016
This series of experiments used rats to compare counterconditioning and extinction of conditioned fear responses (freezing) with respect to the effects of a context shift. In each experiment, a stimulus was paired with shock in context A, extinguished or counterconditioned through pairings with sucrose in context B, and then tested for renewal…
Descriptors: Fear, Conditioning, Responses, Stimuli
Beckmann, Joshua S.; Chow, Jonathan J. – Learning & Memory, 2015
Sign- and goal-tracking are differentially associated with drug abuse-related behavior. Recently, it has been hypothesized that sign- and goal-tracking behavior are mediated by different neurobehavioral valuation systems, including differential incentive salience attribution. Herein, we used different conditioned stimuli to preferentially elicit…
Descriptors: Incentives, Rewards, Correlation, Drug Abuse
Goode, Travis D.; Maren, Stephen – Learning & Memory, 2017
Surviving threats in the environment requires brain circuits for detecting (or anticipating) danger and for coordinating appropriate defensive responses (e.g., increased cardiac output, stress hormone release, and freezing behavior). The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a critical interface between the "affective…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Fear, Brain, Neurology
Revillo, Damian A.; Trebucq, Gastón; Paglini, Maria G.; Arias, Carlos – Learning & Memory, 2016
Although it is currently accepted that the extinction effect reflects new context-dependent learning, this is not so clear during infancy, because some studies did not find recovery of the extinguished conditioned response (CR) in rodents during this ontogenetic stage. However, recent studies have shown the return of an extinguished CR in infant…
Descriptors: Fear, Conditioning, Animals, Olfactory Perception
Marta Isabel Garrido; Chee Leong James Teng; Jeremy Alexander Taylor; Elise Genevieve Rowe; Jason Brett Mattingley – npj Science of Learning, 2016
The ability to learn about regularities in the environment and to make predictions about future events is fundamental for adaptive behaviour. We have previously shown that people can implicitly encode statistical regularities and detect violations therein, as reflected in neuronal responses to unpredictable events that carry a unique prediction…
Descriptors: Brain Hemisphere Functions, Responses, Acoustics, Stimuli
Pu, Lu; Kopec, Ashley M.; Boyle, Heather D.; Carew, Thomas J. – Learning & Memory, 2014
Neurotrophins are critically involved in developmental processes such as neuronal cell survival, growth, and differentiation, as well as in adult synaptic plasticity contributing to learning and memory. Our previous studies examining neurotrophins and memory formation in "Aplysia" showed that a TrkB ligand is required for MAPK…
Descriptors: Brain, Memory, Learning Processes, Neurological Organization