Background: Although adding embodied instructors on the screen is considered an effective way to improve online multimedia learning, its effectiveness is still controversial. The level of realism of embodied on-screen instructors may be an influencing factor, but it is unclear how it affects multimedia learning. Aims: We explored whether and how…

Background: Practice tests have been shown to be an effective means to foster long-term retention in higher education, at least compared to restudying (i.e., the testing effect). Objective: The present study replicated and extended prior research by examining whether and to what extent the positive effects of testing on long-term retention in a…

When administering an in-class exam, a common decision that confronts every instructor is whether the exam format should be closed book or open book. The present review synthesizes research examining the effect of administering closed-book or open-book assessments on long-term learning. Although the overall effect of assessment format on learning…

This study explored the role of question types and prior knowledge in vicarious learning with an intelligent tutoring system. In experiment 1, the participants were assigned to three conditions (deep questions, shallow questions, control), the results showed that participants in the deep questions condition had higher retention test scores than…

Background: Research suggests improved retention for difficult concepts when courses incorporate retrieval practice with immediate feedback. Objective: This study assessed the utility of targeted feedback during learning on final exam performance for Introduction to Psychology's difficult concepts. Method: Students in Introduction to Psychology (N…

People vary in their performance on visual working memory tasks, and these individual differences covary with a wide range of higher-level cognitive processes including fluid intelligence. Performance also varies across study displays, purportedly driven by both low- and higher-level processes. Understanding what causes these sources of systematic…

In this study, the effect of digital story applications on students' achievement, attitude and learning retention in teaching the works of literary figures who produced many literary works during the independence period of Kazakhstan was examined. In the study, pre-test-post-test model with control group from quasiexperimental models was used. In…

Experiences occur in a continual succession, and the temporal structure of those experiences is often preserved in memory. The temporal contiguity effect of free recall reveals the temporal structure of memory: when a particular item is remembered, the next response is likely to come from a nearby list position. This effect is remarkably robust,…

Background: Retrieval practice promotes retention of learned information more than restudying the information. However, benefits of multiple-choice testing over restudying in real-world educational contexts and the role of practically relevant moderators such as feedback and learners' ability to retrieve tested content from memory (i.e.,…

Educators must continuously assess and adjust to maximize the amount of information students retain. One way to evaluate teaching effectiveness is thru pre- and post-semester assessments. Factors such as individual willingness to participate can affect the validity of these assessments. Our hypothesis was that students will more actively…

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate whether using the summarizing strategy can further engage learners in a computer-based environment where different forms of finger tracing were incorporated. One hundred and fifty-six university students were randomly assigned to one of six conditions formed by a 3 (hand tracing vs. observing…

Video lectures are commonly used in online and flipped courses, but students often find it challenging to stay engaged and retain lecture content. The current study examined to what extent the power of electroencephalography (EEG) brain activity in the theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-20 Hz) bands can dynamically capture fluctuations…

Structured oral examinations (SOEs) result in higher test scores than traditional written assessments, but there lacks reproducible quantitative evidence supporting knowledge acquisition and retention. A modified SOE--called the One2One--whereby students present prepared answers to an instructor was evaluated for effectiveness in large classes…

We investigated whether finger pointing can be used as a cognitive load self-management strategy when learning from split-attention examples. We expected that pointing would reduce cognitive load and enhance learning performance. In a guided self-management phase, 122 university students studied a split-attention example under three pointing…

Aim/Purpose: This paper examines the potential of ChatGPT-assisted retrieval practice to enhance students' final exam performance. ChatGPT was utilized to generate questions and deliver timely feedback during retrieval practice, supporting learning in large class settings where providing personalized feedback is often challenging. Background:…