A study of sixty children in grades 1, 2 and 3 demonstrated that with an expectancy to perform the same task after observing the model, reward to a model increased spontaneous imitation. (Author)

The literature on observer characteristics and imitation was reviewed in an attempt to delineate the role of these variables in the imitative process. (ST)

Attempts to define and clarify the concept of response uncertainty of the observer in imitation through a review of research on imitation. (CM)

Investigated the separate and interactive effects of a model's affective response and anticipated consequences of third and fourth grade children's imitative and nonimitative play behaviors. (ED)

The influence of the subject's race, model's race, and type of task on imitation was assessed when a black and white model were juxtaposed such that imitation of one precluded imitation of the other. Results showed no differential modeling as a function of the subject's or model's race or type of task. (Author)