This study investigates the effect of Facebook on Arabic language attrition, i.e., decrease in language proficiency, as exhibited in the use of Colloquial instead of Standard Arabic, use of foreign words although Arabic equivalents exist, and committing spelling errors. A sample of Facebook posts and a corpus of spelling errors on Facebook were…

THE FOOCHOW DIALECT IS SPOKEN BY ABOUT SEVEN TO TEN MILLION CHINESE IN THE AREA IN AND AROUND THE CITY OF FOOCHOW, MAINLAND CHINA. THIS LANGUAGE MANUAL REPRESENTS THE SPEECH OF A LITERATE PERSON FROM THAT AREA. LESSONS 1-15 CONSIST OF--(1) SEVERAL SHORT FOOCHOW PASSAGES WRITTEN IN ROMANIZATION, (2) ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS, (3) A FOOCHOW TO ENGLISH…

THIS PUBLICATION IS AN ENGLISH EDITION OF A PASHTO GRAMMAR ORIGINALLY WRITTEN IN RUSSIAN AND PUBLISHED AS AN APPENDIX TO P.B. ZUDIN'S "RUSSIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY" (MOSCOW, 1955). IT WAS INTENDED TO SERVE AS A INTRODUCTION TO THE GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE LANGUAGE AND AS AN AID TO USERS OF THE DICTIONARY, RATHER THAN A DETAILED…

This English-Tibetan dictionary contains 16,000 main entries and subentries, a total of 45,000 lexical items. The dictionary is primarily oriented to spoken communication and was designed to be semantically sensitive, bridging the semantic gap between Tibetan and English. Tibetan terms corresponding to submeanings of English subterms are…

AFTER A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE USE OF THIS READER AND A SUMMARY OF THE PASHTO LANGUAGE, THE AUTHOR PRESENTS 25 UNITS OF READING SELECTIONS AND CORRELATED EXERCISES. A TYPICAL LESSON CONSISTS OF--(1) A SHORT PASHTO TEXT IN TYPEWRITTEN ARABIC-PERSIAN FORM, (2) A ROMANIZED TRANSCRIPTION OF THIS TEXT INDICATING PRONUNCIATION, (3) A GLOSSARY OF NEW…

Difficulties in transcription from the Hebrew to the Roman alphabet are discussed. The resolution of some of the problems in Judeo-Spanish texts using the "aljamiado" writing system are reviewed, including the use of some Hebrew consonants as vowels, representation of Judeo-Spanish sounds non-existent in Hebrew, and phonetic variations…

This is a collection of reference materials to be used with the Chinese-Mandarin Basic Course textbooks. This collection consists of information on romanization systems, indexes for reading and writing characters, and other tables for quick reference. (NCR)

THIS MANUAL IS BASED ON THE HINDI DIALECT OF THE EDUCATED CLASSES OF UTTAR PRADESH. IT CONSISTS OF 40 LESSONS IN ROMANIZED SCRIPT. LESSONS ONE TO 17 CONCENTRATE ON SIMPLE CONVERSATIONS AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS. LESSONS 18 TO 40 ARE DESIGNED TO ACQUAINT THE STUDENT GRADUALLY WITH MORE COMPLEX CONVERSATION AND WITH LITERARY STYLE. EACH…

THIS MANUAL IS BASED ON THE URDU DIALECT OF THE EDUCATED CLASSES OF PAKISTAN. IT CONSISTS OF 40 LESSONS IN ROMANIZED SCRIPT. LESSONS ONE TO 17 CONCENTRATE ON SIMPLE CONVERSATIONS AND BASIC GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS. LESSONS 18 TO 40 ARE DESIGNED TO ACQUAINT THE STUDENT GRADUALLY WITH MORE COMPLEX CONVERSATION AND WITH LITERARY STYLE. EACH LESSON…

THIS IS THE FIRST OF A THREE-VOLUME, NINE-UNIT COURSE IN BASIC AMHARIC. VOLUME ONE TOGETHER WITH VOLUME TWO (UNITS IV-VIII OR LESSONS 16-35) DEAL WITH THE PROBLEMS OF PRONUNCIATION AND THE ORAL-AURAL MASTERY OF BASIC GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS. EACH LESSON INCLUDES A DIALOG, GRAMMATICAL NOTES, PATTERN DRILLS, EXERCISES, AND A VOCABULARY LIST. AT…

THIS IS THE SECOND OF A THREE-VOLUME COURSE IN BASIC AMHARIC. FOLLOWING THE SAME FORMAT AS THE FIRST VOLUME, EACH LESSON IN UNITS IV-VII CONTAINS A DIALOG, GRAMMATICAL NOTES, PATTERN DRILLS, EXERCISES, AND A VOCABULARY LIST. ENGLISH-AMHARIC AND AMHARIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARIES ARE APPENDED. THIS COURSE WILL PREPARE THE STUDENT TO PERFORM AT A…

To master the subtleties of Chinese takes years, but most Americans can learn some basic spoken and written Chinese in a matter of weeks or months. A new phonic system, Pin Yin Romanizing System, tones, structure, and characters, and a comparison of Japanese and Chinese are discussed. (MLW)

THIS IS THE THIRD AND FINAL VOLUME OF A NINE-UNIT COURSE IN BASIC AMHARIC. VOLUMES ONE AND TWO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEMS OF PRONUNCIATION AND THE ORAL-AURAL MASTERY OF BASIC GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS. AT THE END OF EACH VOLUME ARE APPENDED ENGLISH-AMHARIC AND AMHARIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARIES. VOLUME THREE (UNITS VIII-IX) IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS. PART I…

These two volumes contain Lesson Units 16-41 in the Defense Language Institute's 12-week course in Japanese. (See AL 002 223 for Volume I, Lessons Units 1-15 and AL 002 225 for Volume IV, Lesson Units 42-55 and Volume V, Glossary.) (AMM)

These two volumes comprise Lesson Units 42-55 (Volume IV), and a comprehensive Glossary (Volume V) which accompanies this 12-week Defense Language Institute course in beginning Japanese. (See AL 002 223 for Volume I--Introduction and Lesson Units 1-15, and AL 002 224 for Volumes II and III--Lesson Units 16-27 and 28-41.) (AMM)