Educational robots have been widely used in STEM education because they are operable and programmable. Robotics competitions for primary- and secondary-school students are becoming increasingly popular. The World Robot Olympiad (WRO) is an international robotics competition; each group of participants builds a robot with LEGO based on a challenge…

Recently educational robotics has expanded into curriculum beyond traditional STEM fields, and which can also be used to foster computational thinking (CT) skills. Prior research has shown numerous interdisciplinary benefits related to CT, however, these influential factors have often been investigated with relatively few variables. This study…