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Danielle Farrie – Education Law Center, 2024
New Jersey, like many states, has long struggled with the tension of maintaining a well-funded public education system while not overburdening residents with high property taxes. New Jersey's school funding formula, 2008's School Funding Reform Act (SFRA), includes a determination of how much local funding -- raised through property taxes -- is…
Descriptors: Public Education, Funding Formulas, Taxes, State Legislation
Bruce D. Baker; Matthew Di Carlo; Mark Weber – Albert Shanker Institute, 2024
In the United States, K-12 school finance is largely controlled by the states. Every year, hundreds of billions of dollars in public funds are distributed based on 51 different configurations of formulas, rules, and regulations to over 13,000 districts that vary in terms of the students they serve, their ability to raise revenue locally, and many…
Descriptors: Educational Equity (Finance), Kindergarten, Elementary Secondary Education, Funding Formulas
Skinner, Rebecca R.; Sorenson, Isobel – Congressional Research Service, 2022
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to support elementary and secondary education. The Title I-A program is the largest grant program authorized under the ESEA and was funded at $16.5 billion for FY2021.…
Descriptors: Educational Finance, State Aid, Federal Legislation, Educational Legislation
Skinner, Rebecca R.; Sorenson, Isobel – Congressional Research Service, 2022
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to support elementary and secondary education. The Title I-A program is the largest grant program authorized under the ESEA and was funded at $16.3 billion for FY2020.…
Descriptors: State Aid, Grants, Educational Finance, Federal Legislation
Stephen Q. Cornman; Osei Ampadu; Kaitlin Hanak; Stephen Wheeler – National Center for Education Statistics, 2024
This First Look report presents data on public elementary and secondary education revenues and expenditures at the local education agency (LEA) or school district level for fiscal year (FY) 2022. Specifically, this report includes the following types of school district finance data: (1) revenue, current expenditure, and capital outlay expenditure…
Descriptors: Income, Expenditures, Public Schools, Elementary Secondary Education
Center for Public Education, National School Boards Association, 2021
Hold-harmless provisions in state aid formulas are meant to restrict declines in revenues for school districts. They may take several forms, including limits on the changes in state aid from year to year, supplemental funding for districts with declining enrollment, alternatives for calculating the state aid amount, or use of past enrollments in…
Descriptors: State Aid, Educational Finance, School Districts, Declining Enrollment
Zhao, Bo – Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 2020
After being sued for inequity and inadequacy in school funding, many states have reformed their education aid policies. Using Connecticut as an example, this paper shows how to design a state education aid formula that can effectively address funding inequity and inadequacy while taking political feasibility into account. It first develops a…
Descriptors: State Aid, Funding Formulas, School Districts, Elementary Secondary Education
Polson, Diana; Henninger-Voss, Eugene – Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, 2020
The United States and Pennsylvania economies remain deeply depressed compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. While the unemployment rate has come back down to around 7% (7.3% in Pennsylvania, 6.9% in the U.S.), Pennsylvania had 488,000 fewer jobs in October than February and the U.S., 10 million fewer. With COVID case rates higher than ever and…
Descriptors: Federal Aid, Educational Finance, COVID-19, Pandemics
McKillip, Mary; Farrie, Danielle – Education Law Center, 2020
Tennessee's school funding formula does not adequately support the state's schools. This report analyzes the impact of underfunding on staffing levels and the resulting inequities created between high- and low-income school districts. The state's school formula funding, even when supplemented by local funding above the required local share,…
Descriptors: Educational Finance, Funding Formulas, School Personnel, Supply and Demand
Patton, Wendy – Policy Matters Ohio, 2021
Great public schools provide a foundation of opportunity for children, their families, communities and the entire state. All children, regardless of ZIP code, race or family income deserve to be educated in fully and fairly funded schools. Yet for many years Ohio lawmakers have provided neither sufficient nor fair distribution of state support.…
Descriptors: Public Schools, Educational Equity (Finance), Educational Finance, Financial Support
Gutierrez, Emily; Terrones, Fanny – Urban Institute, 2023
Across the United States, students attending rural school districts can face different obstacles than their urban counterparts, particularly rural students from households living below the federal poverty level. But how rural districts are defined can vary by federal, state, and local entity and can sometimes not capture the difficulties specific…
Descriptors: Rural Areas, Rural Schools, School Districts, Definitions
Lafortune, Julien – Public Policy Institute of California, 2021
This document contains the technical appendices for the report "Targeted K-12 Funding and Student Outcomes: Evaluating the Local Control Funding Formula." Appendices include: (1) Data Sources and Sample Construction; (2) Estimating Effects on Student Outcomes; (3) Estimating Targeting Using School Site Spending Data; and (4) Supplemental…
Descriptors: Funding Formulas, Kindergarten, Elementary Secondary Education, Outcomes of Education
Farrie, Danielle; Luhm, Theresa; Johnson, Monete – Education Law Center, 2015
The objective of this policy brief is to explain the purpose of adjustment aid in New Jersey's school funding formula and to correct several misconceptions about the level of aid and how it is distributed. The main conclusions include: (1) The amount of adjustment aid in the funding formula is currently overstated in the "informational"…
Descriptors: Funding Formulas, Educational Finance, Misconceptions, Resource Allocation
Malatras, Jim; Park, Young Joo; Klancnik, Urska – Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, 2018
The link between education funding levels and student outcomes is a matter of continuing debate, including in New York State. State education aid in New York follows a progressive formula that targets more aid to lower-income, higher-need school districts, yet these districts continue to dominate lists of the state's lowest performing schools. The…
Descriptors: Educational Finance, Expenditures, Academic Achievement, Public Schools
Hill, Laura; Ugo, Iwunze – Public Policy Institute of California, 2015
Intended to accompany "Implementing California's School Funding Formula: Will High-Need Students Benefit?," this appendix examines the extent to which school shares of high-need students vary relative to their district concentrations by grouping approximately 950 school districts by their share of high-need students, arraying them into…
Descriptors: Funding Formulas, State Aid, Elementary Secondary Education, Educational Finance