This article describes the development, validation and application of a Rasch-based instrument, the Elementary School Science Classroom Environment Scale (ESSCES), for measuring students' perceptions of constructivist practices within the elementary science classroom. The instrument, designed to complement the Reformed Teaching Observation…

Learning environment research provides a well-established approach for describing and understanding what goes on in classrooms and has attracted considerable interest in Singapore. This article reports the first study of science classroom environments in Singapore primary schools. Ten scales from the What Is Happening In this Class?,…

Describes how students, parents, and teachers identified specific characteristics of a classroom learning environment that provided a scaffold for first graders to engage in science inquiry. Discusses the physical environment, material resources, social interactions, intrapersonal habits of engagement in learning, and the co-participation by…