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Leyden, Michael B. – Teaching PreK-8, 1996
Describes a science experiment that gives students experiences with the float-sink phenomena and allows them to practice what Piaget called formal operational thinking. The goal of the experiment is to determine some of the variables responsible for cans of soda sinking or floating. (TJQ)
Descriptors: Critical Thinking, Elementary Education, Elementary School Science, Formal Operations

Novak, John A.; Dettloff, Janet M. – Journal of College Science Teaching, 1989
Discusses two strategies that provide concrete-thinking students with opportunities to develop and use formal or critical-thinking skills. Describes using task analysis and long-term investigations in the classroom. (YP)
Descriptors: College Science, Community Colleges, Critical Thinking, Formal Operations

Dreyfus, Amos; Mazouz, Yossef – Research in Science and Technological Education, 1992
Assesses the ability of tenth grade students (n=364) to acquire meanings of graphs that are frequently used in their biology textbooks. Indicates that the main source of failure to process information equally well from tables and graphs was not a lack of basic analytical skills but rather a lack of understanding of the relationship between…
Descriptors: Abstract Reasoning, Biology, Cognitive Processes, Critical Thinking