Given the increasing costs associated with commercial textbooks and decreasing financial support of public schools, it is important to better understand the impacts of open educational resources on student outcomes. The purpose of this quantitative study is to analyze whether the adoption of open science textbooks significantly affects science…

We use a construct-based assessment approach to measure learning progression of energy concepts across physical, life, and earth science contexts in middle school grades. We model the knowledge integration construct in six levels in terms of the numbers of ideas and links used in student-generated explanations. For this study, we selected 10 items…

This folio of test items, contributed by a number of colleges and universities from their course, placement, entrance, or other institutional examinations, was compiled to aid teachers in constructing tests. Only those science courses offered in the first two years of college are represented by the scope of the items. The test items may also serve…