Knowledge applied to innovation is increasingly recognized as an explanatory factor of economic growth. Innovation derives from applying knowledge to generate new products or processes. National Innovation Systems (NIS) performs as the formal or informal network of people within institutions interacting to produce and apply knowledge to…

This research seeks to describe the continuing predicament of R&D funding in the U.S. and to provide support for a return to higher R&D spending as a proportion of GDP to maintain American leadership in innovation. Historically, government investment has funded most foundational scientific research leading to technological advances in…

Strategic documents on Russia's development define a transition to a knowledge economy and balanced spatial development, based on innovation and highly skilled human resources. At the present stage of the world economy development, various forms of ties in the scientific, educational, cultural and production spheres that form the scientific and…

Russian science is experiencing processes of personnel aging and stagnation, which are disrupting the continuity of the generations and are limiting prospective workers' opportunities for professional and career growth. The decline in the prestige of science work, the exodus of specialists into other, more attractive segments of economic activity…

The current and still-evolving role of the American research university has been shaped by four key developments in the past sixty-five years: the historic decision to establish a comprehensive postwar federal science policy, described in Vannevar Bush's 1945 report, "Science, The Endless Frontier;" the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980; economic analyses…

This paper examines the diffusion of entrepreneurial activities among Italian universities, the evolution of the organizational models implemented to facilitate such activities and the commitment of the universities to the Third Mission of social and economic development. As previous analyses have shown, Italian universities have only recently…

Academic research institutions have long been important economic anchors for New York City. They provide thousands of jobs and serve as a magnet for talented students and faculty, who inject hundreds of millions of dollars into the local economy through federal research grants. Yet, even though New York's concentration of top-fight scientific…

Cites the need for promoting science/technology management and policy formation in Thailand, viewing contributions of science/technology to the socioeconomic development of the country as high priorities. Criteria for selecting priority areas and key problems are noted; they include relevance to development, availability of human resources, and…

Includes "Introduction" (Vessuri); "University-Industry Relationships and Periphery Development: The Case of the University of Campinas, Brazil" (Dagnino); "R&D at the Autonomous National University of Mexico" (Chazaro); and "Scientific Activities in Large Institutions of Higher Education: The Case of the…

Examined are the number and distribution of persons engaged in research and development in the U.S.S.R. Quantitative comparisons are made between Soviet and U.S. research and development employment. Data indicate that the estimated number of scientists and engineers in the U.S.S.R. substantially exceeds the number in the U.S. (Author/CS)

Includes "Science Parks and Regional Technology Strategies: European Experiences" (Charles, Hayward, Thomas); "Technology Parks and University-Business Relations in Spain" (del Castillo, Diez, Barroeta); "Evaluating Science and Technology Parks in France" (Bruhat); and "The Technopolis in Japan: Its Past and…

Questions Japan's ability to maintain its economic success without substantially changing its approach to education. Discusses international responses to the nation's level of exports, the maturing and stabilization of its economy, and the rapid aging of its population and work force as trends that may require significant change. (BC)

Sustained investment in science and engineering research and education in universities in the United States is advocated as a means of progressing economically. Information related to economic advancement is provided through summaries of recent trends in research, education, and economics. Ideas and data are reviewed in reference to: (1) the need…

Reviews trends and assesses the status of university-based scientific research. Points out areas of decline and indicates changes and efforts for expansion and improvement. States future goals and policy needs. (ML)

West Germany has traditionally excelled in science and technology. During the past 20 years, it has increased its expenditures and personnel for research and development to the extent that it has now reached a level of research and development investment that is comparable to that of the United States. This document profiles West Germany's…