Estimates of the effects of use of formula scoring on the individual examinee's score are presented. Results for easy, moderate, and hard tests are examined. Using test characteristics from several studies shows that some examinees would increase scores substantially if they were to answer items omitted under formula directions. (SLD)

This study reexamines results reported by Angoff and Schrader regarding formula directions and rights directions for standardized tests. Methodological concerns are discussed and additional data analyses undertaken. Alternative interpretations of the data and suggestions for additional research are proposed. (Author/LMO)

Findings regarding formats and scoring formulas for multiple-choice test items with more than one correct response are presented. Strong cluing effects in the Type K format, increasing the correct score percentage and reducing test reliability, recommend using the Type X format. Alternative scoring methods are discussed. (Author/CM)

This study reexamines results reported by Angoff and Schrader regarding formula directions and rights directions for standardized tests. In that study, it was concluded that the two scoring directions were essentially equivalent. In this study, methodological concerns are discussed and additional data analyses undertaken. Among various…