A variety of units (e.g., word, structure, notion, function, and situation) are used in synthetic syllabi, but task has recently appeared as the unit of analysis in three primarily analytic, Type B alternatives: procedural, process, and task syllabi. Descriptions and limitations of each are presented. (138 references) (Author/LB)

In response to Long and Crookes, Willis argues authors misunderstand the lexical syllabus (LS) as realized in Willis and Willis (1988). Long/Crookes reply that their article stressed need for focus on form in task-based language teaching and that there is a vast difference between focus on form and focus on forms, which Willis's adherence to an LS…

Presents criterion-referenced language test development as a means for linking English-as-a-Second-Language curricula, teacher experience, and language tests. The article concludes with an examination of data from teachers who have used criterion-referenced language test development and discussion of the benefits as a proactive process for…

Discusses the teaching of oral communication skills in programs of English as a Second Language. Speaking and listening are discussed because major skill areas, pronunciation is presented as a subset of both speaking and listening development. (114 references) (GLR)

Guidelines for teaching reading in bilingual elementary school programs stress the need for language experiences that allow students to think in the second language. Evaluation measures other than standardized tests for assessing progress are suggested. (PMJ)

Examines English teacher training in Central America where a high percentage of students are in private schools. The article highlights teacher training and practice, curriculum design and development, students and communities, and research directions and funding. (Five references) (CK)