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Howatt, A. P. R. – ELT Journal, 1982
A centenary tribute to Wilhelm Vietor, whose work marked the start of modern methods of language teaching in Europe, describes the educational philosophy behind the reform movement. The movement focused on the value of spoken language and established an alternative to the grammar translation method. (MSE)
Descriptors: Authors, Educational Change, Educational History, Educational Philosophy

Boyle, Eloise M. – Theory into Practice, 1994
Examines practical ways to improve the quality of Russian language instruction in higher education. The article reviews briefly chapters from two recently revised Russian textbooks, suggests a move from a grammar-based to a communicative syllabus, and notes difficulties and rewards in switching to a notional-functional syllabus. (SM)
Descriptors: Audiolingual Methods, College Students, Communicative Competence (Languages), Educational Change