The paper tackles a central question in the field of Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Learning (ICALL): How can language learning tasks be conceptualized and made explicit in a way that supports the pedagogical goals of current Foreign Language Teaching and Learning and at the same time provides an explicit characterization of the Natural…

Second-language learners use processing strategies, such as assigning agency to the first noun of an utterance when grammatical cues indicate a contrary interpretation, that can impede correct form-meaning mappings. Processing instruction was developed to push learners to use more optimal processing strategies so that they can make correct…