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Namdar, Sara; Bagheri, Mohammad Sadegh – English Language Teaching, 2012
Speaking proceeds under the constraint of time. While speaking, speakers are under constant pressure to follow the message being received and to formulate rapid responses to their partners. In the IELTS (International English Language Testing System) Speaking Test, the communicative nature of the interview creates an ideal situation for applicants…
Descriptors: Oral Language, Language Tests, Experimental Groups, Language Proficiency
Bloom, Howard S.; Weiland, Christina – MDRC, 2015
This paper uses data from the Head Start Impact Study (HSIS), a nationally representative multisite randomized trial, to quantify variation in effects of Head Start during 2002-2003 on children's cognitive and socio-emotional outcomes relative to the effects of other local alternatives, including parent care. We find that (1) treatment and control…
Descriptors: Program Evaluation, Program Effectiveness, Early Intervention, At Risk Students