Learning management systems have become a powerful tool to support and manage online learning in higher education. However, in Vietnam, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners are used to direct face-to-face teaching, making learners' acceptance of technology-mediated online learning of English an issue of concern. In this study, we…

In English for Specific Purposes (ESP) education, the synergy between autonomous learning, gamified Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) platforms, and self-directed learning (SDL) frameworks is underexplored. Despite recognizing autonomous learning's significance in language education, there is a lack of in-depth analysis of their interaction within…