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Direct linkJifeng Wu; Xiaofei Lu; Renfen Hu; Yun Lin; Fengkai Liu – Modern Language Journal, 2025
The adjustment of syntactic and phraseological complexity is a key consideration in text adaptation. However, research on this topic in the context of Chinese as a second language (CSL) remains limited. Using 700 CSL reading texts graded following the newly issued Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education,…
Descriptors: Syntax, Phrase Structure, Grading, Standards
Sparks, Richard L.; Luebbers, Julie; Castaneda, Martha; Patton, Jon – Modern Language Journal, 2018
A unique anxiety for foreign language (L2) learning has been hypothesized to explain students' problems with language learning. However, L2 anxiety instruments have been challenged on the grounds that they reflect students' language learning ability and/or perceptions of their language learning skills. In this study, 266 U.S. high school students…
Descriptors: High School Students, Spanish, Anxiety, Second Language Learning
