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Jing Sun; Xiao Luo; Hye K. Pae – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2024
Challenges in reading Chinese as a foreign language involve the large proportion of two-character compound words which have complex intra-word morphological structures and scriptal distance between learner's native language (L1) and Chinese as a second or foreign language. This study extended a previous investigation on the processing of Chinese…
Descriptors: Word Recognition, Chinese, Korean, Native Language
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Arai, Yuya – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2022
Although proponents of extensive reading (ER) have recommended easy reading material, book difficulty has been poorly defined and operationalized in previous studies. The present study argues for the use of perceived text difficulty for operationalizing book difficulty based on empirical findings (Holster et al., 2017), reading purposes in ER, and…
Descriptors: Reading Materials, Difficulty Level, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning
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McLean, Stuart – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2021
When learners can comprehend 98% or more of the tokens within a text, the lexical difficulty of the text is unlikely to inhibit reading comprehension (Schmitt et al., 2011). This phenomenon will be referred to as the Coverage Comprehension Model (CCM). The CCM is present in countless articles that describe the percentage of tokens necessary to…
Descriptors: Reading Comprehension, Difficulty Level, Reading Skills, Vocabulary
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Monika Grotek; Agnieszka Slezak-Swiat – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2024
The study investigates the effect of the perception of text and task difficulty on adults' performance in reading tests in L1 and L2. The relationship between the following variables is studied: (a) readers' perception of text and task difficulty in L1 and L2 measured in a self-reported post-task questionnaire, (b) the number of correct answers to…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Second Language Learning, Eye Movements, Task Analysis
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Thomas, Nathan – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2020
The incidental or implicit learning of vocabulary has long been a topic of interest in various disciplines. In studies on foreign language acquisition, reading is often the activity that researchers use to generate their findings. "Reading in a Foreign Language" has maintained its position at the forefront of this research, consistently…
Descriptors: Incidental Learning, Second Language Learning, Vocabulary Development, Code Switching (Language)
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Yang, Ya-Han; Chu, Hsi-Chin; Tseng, Wen-Ta – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2021
This study investigates the effects of the text difficulty of extensive reading materials on the reading comprehension and reading motivation of English as a foreign language (EFL) vocational high school students in Taiwan. Two experimental groups were assigned, on an individual basis, to read graded readers at either one level below ('i-1') or…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Reader Text Relationship, Reading Materials, Reading Motivation
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Yukino Kimura – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2022
This study examined the effects of relevance instructions on English as a foreign language (EFL) readers' text processing and memories. The participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: the experimental condition, where they read texts to identify a specific category of information, and the control condition, where they read texts…
Descriptors: Reading Processes, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
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Yang, Shuyi – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2021
The present study investigated the applicability of word reading, word segmentation, and text reading as diagnostic tools to assess comprehension, detect struggling readers, and inform instruction for low-level Chinese as second language (L2) learners (n = 70). The results showed that the three instruments measured different dimensions of word…
Descriptors: Test Construction, Reading Tests, Diagnostic Tests, Mandarin Chinese
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McQuillan, Jeff – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2016
Nation (2014) concluded that most of the vocabulary one needs to read challenging texts in English can be acquired incidentally through voluminous reading. This study examines possible texts that second language (L2) readers can use to move from controlled-vocabulary materials such as graded readers, which go up through approximately the…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Reading Materials, Vocabulary Development
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Bahmani, Roghayeh; Farvardin, Mohammad Taghi – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2017
This study aimed to examine the effects of different text difficulty levels on foreign language reading anxiety (FLRA) and reading comprehension of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. To this end, 50 elementary EFL learners were selected from two intact classes (n = 25 each). Each class was assigned to a text difficulty level (i.e.,…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Reading Materials, English (Second Language), Second Language Instruction
Taylor, Alan M. – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2010
The author really enjoyed reading the study by Cheng and Good (2009). The results of their study seem especially interesting from the point of view of reading comprehension. Indeed, their results mirror to some degree Joyce's (1997) study, in which glossing actually had a somewhat negative effect on third semester second language (L2) readers'…
Descriptors: Reading Comprehension, Second Language Learning, Instructional Materials, Difficulty Level
Claridge, Gillian – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2012
Publishing graded readers is big business, but there is evidence that the texts themselves are not being read in sufficient quantity to improve language proficiency. This article reports on a study of graded readers, focusing on interviews with some major publishers of graded readers, to investigate their production rationales. The findings…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Basal Reading, Publishing Industry
Hellekjaer, Glenn Ole – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2009
In this paper the academic English reading proficiency of 578 Norwegian university students was quantitatively examined. Self-assessment items were used to measure reading proficiency in Norwegian and English and validated using an International English Language Testing System Academic Reading Module. The study found that about 30% of the…
Descriptors: Language Tests, Norwegian, English (Second Language), Language Proficiency
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Lesikin, Joan – Reading in a Foreign Language, 2000
Suggests that English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) teachers assess prospective textbooks by comparing real-life user's actual knowledge of the author's assumed student knowledge. Through examination of charts and page excerpts of two ESL grammar textbooks, demonstrates that access to the pedagogical knowledge demands sophisticated formal knowledge,…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, English (Second Language), Grammar, Instructional Materials
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Simensen, Aud Marit – Reading in a Foreign Language, 1990
Discusses reading as a receptive skill in relation to current foreign language learning and teaching theory. Three types of reference in texts are defined (reference to the outside world, textual reference, and situational reference), and selected examples of these types in adapted texts are reported and analyzed. (26 references) (GLR)
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, English (Second Language), Learning Theories, Reader Text Relationship
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