The aim of this study is to determine the factors which harden learning English as a foreign language in the classes of the Faculty of Education in the University of Valladolid, Spain. As it is unquestionable today, English plays a significant role in the field of education as a Lingua Franca. Yet, learners of English experience various kinds of…

This study investigates the direct and/or indirect effects of some cognitive (working memory capacity) and affective (writing anxiety and writing self-efficacy) variables on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) of second language (L2) learners' writings. To achieve this goal, 232 upper-intermediate English learners performed an automated…

This paper reports the findings of an action research that was conducted over the course of two years. The research investigated the role of using reading diaries and strategy instruction with English Language Teaching trainees to foster greater learner autonomy and looked into the language learning strategies used by these students. The findings…