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Crossley, Scott A.; Kim, YouJin – Language Assessment Quarterly, 2019
The current study examined the effects of text-based relational (i.e., cohesion), propositional-specific (i.e., lexical), and syntactic features in a source text on subsequent integration of the source text in spoken responses. It further investigated the effects of word integration on human ratings of speaking performance while taking into…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Syntax, Oral Language, Speech Communication
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Chen, Jing; Sheehan, Kathleen M. – ETS Research Report Series, 2015
The "TOEFL"® family of assessments includes the "TOEFL"® Primary"™, "TOEFL Junior"®, and "TOEFL iBT"® tests. The linguistic complexity of stimulus passages in the reading sections of the TOEFL family of assessments is expected to differ across the test levels. This study evaluates the linguistic…
Descriptors: Language Tests, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Reading Comprehension
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Liu, Ming; Li, Yi; Xu, Weiwei; Liu, Li – IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 2017
Writing an essay is a very important skill for students to master, but a difficult task for them to overcome. It is particularly true for English as Second Language (ESL) students in China. It would be very useful if students could receive timely and effective feedback about their writing. Automatic essay feedback generation is a challenging task,…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, College Students, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language)