Task-based planning can be conceptualized as the opportunity to work out task performance before the actual performance. It allows learners to process the content and language of their planned production at a deeper and more meaningful level. In the face of the wide range of research conducted on the effects of pre-task planning on L2 production,…

This annotation study is designed to help us gain an increased understanding of paraphrase strategies used by native and nonnative English speakers and how these strategies might affect test takers' essay scores. Toward that end, this study aims to examine and analyze the paraphrase and the types of linguistic modifications used in paraphrase in…

Contrasted texts and behaviors of six English-as-a-Second-Language writers, as they wrote a practice essay test, with their texts and behaviors in an actual English composition proficiency exam. The process-tracing techniques employed in this study enabled observation of composing behaviors with the focus on what the writers did in the two…