Purpose: The use of three-dimensional virtual worlds (3DVWs) is increasingly becoming a common practice in language education to provide digital learning environments for second-language (L2) communicative classes. This study aimed to identify the key factors underlying communication in 3DVWs that can improve the communication skills of L2…

A three-dimensional virtual world (henceforth, 3DVW) is a novel phenomenon with enormous potential as a virtual community for broadening meaningful life experiences. Previous 3DVW research, however, has not addressed the determinants that influence L2 students' expectations. The primary goal of this study was to employ a combination of exploratory…

Studies on computer-mediated communication often compare the affective affordances of different technologies with face-to-face communication. This study aimed to understand how three different computer-mediated communication modalities may affect EFL learners' foreign language anxiety (FLA). Using a counterbalanced 3 by 3 factorial design, 30…

Augmented reality (AR) deepens learning interactions by imposing digital information on top of physical settings. This study implemented an AR-enhanced theme-based contextualized learning and aimed to examine the effects of captions (non-caption, English caption and Chinese caption) and English proficiency (less proficient and proficient) on…

This paper describes the development of a dynamical systems model of motivation and metacognition during learning, which explains some of the practically and theoretically important relationships among three student engagement constructs and performance metrics during learning. In order to better calibrate and understand the model, the model was…