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Aryadoust, Vahid; Luo, Lan – Language Testing, 2023
This study reviewed conceptualizations and operationalizations of second language (L2) listening constructs. A total of 157 peer-reviewed papers published in 19 journals in applied linguistics were coded for (1) publication year, author, source title, location, language, and reliability and (2) listening subskills, cognitive processes, attributes,…
Descriptors: Test Format, Listening Comprehension Tests, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
Bourque, Lorraine Y.; Boss, Marvin – 1979
A rating scale was developed that could be used to test Raynor's construct of perceived instrumentality--that the perceived importance of a particular achievement (such as a good grade) to the student's future (career) influences the student's efforts to achieve the goal. The scale was developed to study the perceived importance of learning French…
Descriptors: Attitude Measures, Foreign Countries, French, High Schools