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Black, Mary C. – 1979
A study examined whether (1) there are untested indices of difficulty that can be used to enhance the accuracy of readability formulas, (2) the same readability formula can be used to assess the readability of text for mature and immature readers and for good and poor readers, and (3) some one model of the reading process or some synthesis of…
Descriptors: Cloze Procedure, Cognitive Processes, Error Analysis (Language), Models

Venable, Gail Portnuff – Topics in Language Disorders, 2003
This article discusses the reading fluency and comprehension problems of struggling secondary students who can read, with assistance, on a fourth-grade reading level or above. Difficulties with vocabulary and sentence construction are described, along with problems with pronoun reference and noun substitutions, metaphor, and conventions of print.…
Descriptors: Language Impairments, Metaphors, Pronouns, Readability