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Download full textIsmael G. Munoz; Kenneth A. Shores; Ericka Sherrell Weathers; S. Colby Woods – Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, 2025
Using data from the 2017-18 and 2020-21 Civil Rights Data Collection, we document dis-parities in exposure to disciplinary staff across US high schools and geographic levels. Black and Hispanic students are exposed to 1.1 and 0.8 more disciplinary personnel than White students, respectively, which is equivalent to roughly twice the total average…
Descriptors: High Schools, Discipline Policy, Racial Discrimination, Ethnic Groups
Peer reviewedChristopher M. Saldaña; Xinyu Guan – Texas Education Review, 2025
Despite growing concerns about the harmful effects of "hardening" schools through increased police and surveillance on school campuses, little research has examined trends in financial resources allocated to these programs, practices, and personnel. This study contributes to the literature by analyzing trends and patterns in school…
Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education, School Security, Educational Finance, School Accounting
