This study aims to test the effectiveness of a socio-scientific issue (SSI) based instruction through STEM-6E (engage, explore, explain, engineer, enrich, and evaluate). Controversial science topics (e.g. genetically modified organisms) in many countries, especially Indonesia, can be approached via integrated STEM education. One hundred and nine…

This paper presents the theory that altruistic motives develop out of the synthesis of empathic distress and the child's increasingly sophisticated cognitive development, especially his level of self-other differentiation. An examination of empathy and the sense of other is included, followed by a discussion of empathic distress, various forms of…

The family system--a primary locus in the formation of meaning for children--should encourage the healthy construction of communicative roles. What children learn about interaction is contingent on two processes, both central to the symbolic interaction perspective: role-taking and role-making. Role-taking is the ability to transcend an egocentric…