This critical action research study demonstrated the importance of creating liberatory learning environments for Black and Brown student scholars through culturally relevant pedagogy. Decolonization paradigms were employed to understand the impact of colonization and how it currently influences educational structures for Black and Brown students…

bell hooks was a prolific and trailblazing author, poet, feminist, cultural critic, and professor. The author of more than three dozen wide-ranging books, hooks published her first title, the poetry collection "And there we wept," in 1978. Her influential book "Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism" followed in 1981. Three…

Analyzes the biculturality of Black Americans, who have both Afrocentric and Eurocentric elements in their culture. Discusses factors of biculturality (education, punishment/reward, the institutionalization of white culture, religion, white power, and whites' numerical superiority). Evaluates qualitative differences between black and white…

This conference paper presents the "ethnic matrix," a theoretical model of the process of ethnicity which describes how ethnic identity is sustained or diminished in the life of an individual or ethnic group. After a general introduction, the first of the paper's three major sections presents a research review and overview of historical and…