The paradox of G. Stanley Hall seems to be his stance against coeducation simultaneous with his role as an educator of women. His theories must be considered in the context of the prevailing attitudes of the early 20th century toward the issue of sex differences. Hall was consistent in translating his theories into practice. (Author/VM)

The primary focus of this paper is on understanding factors related to sex differences in mathematics achievement with particular attention to course-taking. The perception of the usefulness of mathematics for future educational and career plans and the support or lack of support from significant others appear to be the major factors associated…

A great deal of received wisdom in the area of the lack of ability of women in science is still based on assumption, belief, or prejudices operating at the level of superstition. The "Snark Syndrome," a term inspired by Lewis Carroll's famous nonsense poem. "The Hunting of the Snark" was coined by Eileen Byrne to describe these…

A conceptual framework illustrates how different public policies have intended or unintended positive, mixed, or negative effects on the education of girls and women. Public policies emphasizing sex equity, sex differential, and general education goals are discussed. Recommendations are included to help ensure that educational policies help…

A study comparing personality traits, demographic variables, and sex-role orientation of Israeli women studying engineering as compared with women studying humanities and males studying engineering found female engineering students to be more feminist, have "realistic" or "investigative" personality types, and have…

Rapid but incomplete educational expansion has generated serious, second-order policy problems of which this article explores two: persistent gaps in the drive for universal enrollment and provision of job-related training. It examines political issues, differential policy for boys and girls, and implications for women's education and employment.…

Why is it that fewer girls than boys enter and stay in school? What may be done to further increase the school enrollment of girls in developing countries? The answers to these questions constitute the central focus of this paper. It first documents sex differences in primary school participation and wastage rates in developing countries.…

Existing data on the status of women, both as students and as members of the full-time teaching staff, are examined. Actions taken, being taken, and being planned by the Ontario universities are also reviewed. It is shown that, in general, women do not participate as fully as students as do men, but there is no evidence at the system level to…

A case study of Cornell University in its formative years (1868-1900) is presented to suggest the value of the historical approach in understanding the problem of sex-role channeling in the coeducational environment. The case of Cornell illustrates how nineteenth century concepts of femininity and masculinity were fundamental to evolution of both…

This chapter focuses on the substantial gaps in school enrollments and cognitive achievement between boys and girls in rural Pakistan and between a relatively prosperous district (Faisalabad, Punjab) and a poor district (Badin, Sind). An important policy question is whether the allocation of educational expenditures to target disadvantaged groups…

Literature from the late nineteenth century and a case study of Cornell University between 1870 and 1900 are discussed in relation to higher education of women to explore how contemporary theorists and academic administrators dealt with the issues. Theoretical definitions of "equal" opportunities for women in academe shifted from…

Argues that women's education should be a concern of government policymakers and suggests essential policy components: (1) schools that are accessible to women; (2) transportation, childcare, and other conditions that enable women to attend school; and (3) education that is linked to employment opportunities for women. (JHZ)

This report analyzes the economic and demographic trends for women over the last decade in terms of their educational attainment, participation in the labor force, and position in academia as students, faculty, and administrators. It found that the number of women who have completed 4 or more years of college has doubled over the last two decades,…

Examines reasons preventing effective policymaking and genuine reform in a number of countries. Measures policy change in education against stages in coming to terms with a new issue: new knowledge, awareness, understanding, creation of new principles, implementation of new policy, change, and monitoring. (JHZ)

The science achievement of career-bound students at High Schools That Work (HSTW) sites in 1996 was compared to performance levels at HSTW sites in 1993 or 1994. HSTW sites studied in 1993 improved their average science scores from 270 to 283 in 1996. Vocational students at HSTW sites scored higher in science (average score, 283) than did the…