Relationships are examined between support types (emotional, instrumental, and nonintimate social participation), gender, sex role orientation, and stress level. Dependent variables include need, perceived availability, and satisfaction. Effects of sex role orientation on perceptions of social support appear circumscribed. (MCK)

Investigates perceived gender differences in subjective experience and its outward display. Finds that males and females are viewed as more alike in their internal feelings than in their overt display of feelings, and that the gender viewed as having more hidden feelings varies with the situation. (FMW)

Holds that male/female differences in such behavior characteristics as aggression, cooperation/competition, compliance, and anxiety are not innate, but rather are social strategies available to both sexes and utilized whenever reasonable. Suggests that the sex equity problems in education can be solved by eliminating differential treatment of boys…

The Gough Femininity Scale was administered to undergraduates at an urban community college over an 11-year period. Means for male and female students remained relatively the same, which may suggest that although sexual behaviors have changed, psychological attitudes and traits have not. (CJM)

This study points to the importance of sexual similarity when making empathic judgments as well as the need to consider the sex of the object as well as the sex of the judge when judging empathy. (Author)

In this study of psychological mechanisms of depression and somatic symptoms in adolescent females during a period of increased opportunity for women, 20% of 297 suburban high school female students reported concerns about the limitations that being female had placed on their mothers. These women had more somatic symptoms correlated with…

Recent attention has been focused on the possibility that some women may fear success in competitive achievement situations. The present research suggested that fear of success might be mediated by an anxiety process of a self-presentational process. Experiments were conducted which attempted to distinguish between the two. In addition, studies…

Reviews experiences of the author which illustrate a journey toward interdependence. Suggests that sex differences in children's socialization have influenced males and females to react differently to competition and criticism, but women are realizing they can empower each other for survival and growth. (JAC)

Results indicated that high-sex-guilt Ss retained less lecture information than low-guilt Ss. Results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that guilt generated anxiety raises arousal past the optimum level necessary for efficient recall performance. (Author)

The differences between teenage sons' and daughters' perceptions of their mothers' and fathers' verbal and nonverbal expressiveness of several emotions were investigated. Results indicated that fathers are perceived as less expressive of all emotions except physical anger, a finding with important implications for sex role learning. (Author/GC)

Judgments of disorder as reflected by pathology ratings and recommendations for professional help were strongly influenced by the type of stress condition. Stress conditions had different impact for males and females. (Author)

Previous equity research indicates that females more often than males prefer to divide rewards equally when their own work inputs are greater than that of their partner. In the present study, males and females divided rewards either between themselves and another person, or between two hypothetical members of a work dyad. Results showed that when…

Gender inevitably influences intimacy. This paper examines how gender differences can inhibit intimate relationships. In the analysis of two cases, it was observed that the researcher unconsciously had a tendency to defer to male perspectives regarding intimacy, and suggests that many female clients may do the same. Researchers have speculated…

Studies female engineers' characteristics, how they were socialized into engineering, and coping mechanisms for a male-dominated work world. Interviews with 29 women and 3 men suggest that women choose engineering because of the challenge, interest, and parental influence. Many female engineers experience gender discrimination and problems with…

Gender differences in spoken and unspoken emotional expression exist and may be related to gender differences in other realms, particularly in self-esteem. This literature review investigated gender differences in communication, particularly as related to emotional expressiveness, detection of emotional responses, and self-disclosures, in relation…