Supports the hypothesis that male leaders will receive higher ratings of alpha behavior than female leaders in mixed-sex groups, regardless of the females' ratings in same-sex groups. Points to linear male leadership patterns, while female patterns vary depending on the composition of the group. (RL)

In order to explore the hypothesis that sex-linked biases in causal attributions, widely shared by female and male perceivers, may derive in part from the perceiver's naive sex-linked expectations regarding the potential impact of causal forces on women's and men's behavior, three experiments were carried out. The first experiment was conducted to…

Hypotheses were confirmed that most boys would resist sex-inappropriate behavior, boys would more often exhibit resistance techniques than girls, and boys would choose sex-appropriate toys for boys more often than for girls. (Authors)

Results indicated that both objective evidence and nonverbal behaviors significantly affected perceived expertness. There was no difference in the credibility ratings of the counselor between male and female subjects. Objective evidence and sex interacted significantly, as did objective evidence and nonverbal behavior. (Author)

This study assesses college students' reactions to both men and women who were portrayed as behaving in a manner either congruent or incongruent with sex-role stereotypically based social expectations (e.g., either crying or evincing anger in response to either the death of a spouse or severe job criticism). The subjects were 94 women and 107 men,…

Describes two studies to test the following hypotheses: (1) delinquent behavior that corresponds to sex stereotypes will be punished more severely; and (2) delinquent behavior that deviates will be evaluated more negatively. Presents model illustrating how sex stereotypes about delinquent behavior lead to sex-related differences in attribution and…

This study investigates whether there has been a shift away from the sex-typing of the managerial profession as masculine toward an androgynous ideal. One hundred ten graduate students with jobs in the business community and 575 undergraduate business students completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory containing "masculine"--aggressive, makes decisions…

Investigates approval/disapproval of behavioral performance in terms of the relative status of male and female role positions. Reports that male role behaviors are more highly approved than female role behaviors for both male and female college students. (ST)

Studies which have investigated males' and females' attitudes and behavior in organizations have yielded apparently contradictory results. In some studies, individuals have followed traditional sex-role stereotypes; in others, they have not. A proposed explanation for these inconsistencies is that sex-role identification is a more important…

This paper develops a theory of sex-role stereotyping and power use in terms of how people interact in daily life situations. It is demonstrated that women have less access, in reality and in expectations, to concrete resources and competence leaving them with helpless modes of influence. (Author/AM)

The major shaping influences detailed in this article are parental attitudes and the commercial channel of nonchoice in toys and books as they affect the development of sex identification. (Author/CB)

This article reviews the role of women in the movies divided generally between the girl next door" and the addle brained sexpot". The absence of women in dominant roles, either on the screen or in production is noted and condemned. (CJ)