Concepts of inner direction and of other direction are related to sex differences in correlates and antecedents of achievement motivation and behavior. (Author/ED)

Examination of self-descriptions of 1,623 undergraduates (collectedd in 1958-64, 1970-74, and 1977-82) failed to support the prevailing assumption that masculinity and femininity develop independently. Rather, a positive relation was found between the presence of masculine and feminine traits within the same individual even when gender and state…

Jungian gender development theory provides the means to view the individuation process and how it is influenced by gender. Explains how women must come to understand what it means to be female and to recognize masculine components of their personality, just as men must understand their development. Suggests counselors have a responsibility to…

The relationship between sex role orientation and psychological adjustment was assessed in a study of college students. Androgynous subjects had higher adjustment scores than those with masculine or feminine orientation. Suggests that findings about the relationship between sex roles and adjustment may be closely tied to the expressive or…

Considers the fears about a unisex world, in particular the concern that children in such a society would grow up confused about what it means to be a man or a woman. Proposes that androgyny founded on the idea of firm gender identity provides a model and direction for change more viable than that connoted by the term "unisex".…

Applied confirmatory factor analysis in a test of alternative factor models and measurement invariance across gender groups, using data from the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire focusing on shyness, high-intensity pleasure, activity level, attention, irritability, and fear. Found that factor models based on composite indicators showed…

Assumed determinants of ego identity were investigated using high school students. The Marcia Ego Identity Status Scale was given as well as measures of sex role identification, personality development, psychological functioning, self concept, and parental socialization practices. Overall, the data supported Erikson's theory of ego identity…

Male and female college students were assessed on measures of ego identity development, intimacy development, and sex role orientation. For both males and females, identity was related to masculinity; also, there were more high-intimacy females than males. This low identity-high intimacy finding in women is discussed with respect to proposed…

Suicide proneness and self-destruction scales, together with measures of self-favorability and self-confidence, were administered to two samples (n=106 and n=213). It is suggested that women are self-destructive in passive ways, reflecting their lack of self-favorability and confidence and manifested by failure to react to everyday situations in…

Examined the relationship between sex role identity and two measures of adjustment--self-acceptance and peer acceptance--among adolescents. Sex differences were discovered regarding factors positively associated with self-acceptance. Findings suggest that a model of sex role differentiation during adolescence must recognize differential pressures…

Social learning theory maintains that parents incluence sex development by modeling and reinforcing masculinity and femininity. To further examine the effects of parental modeling and reinforcement antecedents on sex role development, 103 college students (52 female, 51 male) who had been previously categorized as masculine, feminine, or…

This article deals with the author's interpretation of the Freudian concept of penis envy. Penis envy is viewed as a psychological phenomenon rather than a biological phenomenon characterized as the "bedrock of feminity." Based on his experiences as a psychoanalyst, the author states that penis envy involves the child's early…

Patterns of personality development leading to psychological health at age 50 were compared in 24 women and 21 men, studied longitudinally since adolescence. Personality Q sorts at four ages--early and late teens, ages 40 and 50--were used to assess personality change and overall psychological health. Q sorts were based on extensive data and…

It was hypothesized that adolescent females experience greater sex role strain than other kibbutz members. Loevinger's ego development test was administered to 40 kibbutz members. The findings supported the hypothesis and showed that adult women are significantly more likely to focus their dissatisfaction in the area of actual role behavior. (JAZ)

Examined interrelationships among masculinity-femininity, self-esteem, and peer acceptance in Black and White public high school students (N=195). Results indicated that among both males and females, an androgynous or masculine identity was associated with higher levels of self-esteem. Black students had significantly higher levels of self-esteem…