From the chaos of 2020 arose many social conversations, among which were the legal rights of gay and transgender Americans. Landmark cases established precedents for potential legislation and reform regarding the transgender community. One particular issue is that of transgender athletes in college sports. While many are in staunch opposition to a…

Retaliation in any form can result in a range of negative consequences for those who experience it either directly or indirectly. Individuals can experience limitations in the opportunities to contribute and advance in their career, and they may feel as if their only response to the adversity is to leave the field. When an institution allows such…

As policy debates concerning LGBTQ+ students and staff continue across the American education system, there is not a clear description of the prevalence of local policy protections, even in states with legislative mandates, nor a strong understanding of how to expand reform initiatives. After conducting a document analysis of policies with a…

Despite the Civil Rights Act and the social revolutions of the era, the term "sex discrimination" was unknown in the 1960s. Discrimination on the basis of sex was rampant in America, especially when it came to women's employment in higher education. After being turned down repeatedly for full-time teaching positions at the University of…

There is ample evidence that there still is a pay gap amongst men and women and the situation is no different if academia. Many studies have examined various types of gender discrimination in academia and two areas in particular are problematic--salaries and representation of female faculty in upper ranks of academia. This paper examines the past…

Recent reports on discrimination in private schools have led some observers to decry the fact that private and charter schools receiving public tax dollars selectively exclude some populations from both employment and enrollment; others, however, note that in these and similar instances the schools have broken no laws. Both may be right. How can…

Passed by Congress on June 23, 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 bars sex discrimination in education programs and activities offered by entities receiving federal financial assistance. In the 40 years since its enactment, Title IX has improved access to educational opportunities for millions of students, helping to ensure that no…

School-Parent Compacts are a component of school-level parental involvement policies, and must be developed by the school, teacher, and parents as a description of how parents, the entire school staff, and students themselves will work together for improved student academic achievement. This District of Columbia Public Schools School Year…

Visual displays stereotyping females have been judged in courts as evidence of hostile environment sexual harassment, a form of gender discrimination. Cites cases that may determine whether such harassment exists in a school. To combat discrimination, school programs should not focus exclusively on behavior, but improvement of interpersonal…

Sexual harassment is a problem in high schools, on college campuses, and in the workplace, although unclear definitions and misinterpretations of sexual harassment have led many to believe that the amount of sexual harassment that occurs is minimal. Sexual harassment has been defined as a continuum of behaviors, with physical sexual assault at one…

Comparable worth is a concept not merely alien but also inferior to the traditions of the American people. The thesis that jobs of "comparable worth" demand pay equivalency--at least as between male-dominated and female-dominated occupations--is unworthy of serious attention in both legal and economic terms. The consequences of accepting…

The history of the development of equity--justice and fairness--can be traced through law and court cases. Early United States Supreme Court opinions (1873) on issues of newly asserted claims by women provide evidence of preconceptions concerning women and their stereotyped positions. Occupational exclusion was reinforced by law to maintain a…

In this statement, William Bradford Reynolds, Assistant Attorney General, discusses the Federal government's enforcement policies and activities regarding equal employment opportunity, and defends the Reagan Administration and the Justice Department against charges cited in a report by the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights. Reynolds contends…

In response to several court decisions of the 1970s, Congress enacted an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This amendment, Public Law 95-555 (entitled "Pregnancy Sex Discrimination, Prohibition"), states that discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions constitutes…

Discusses the legal problems presented by job health hazards which have a different effect on men and women. Where methods of eliminating or minimizing exposure, as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Act, affect only one sex, the provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act may be violated. (MF)