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Off with the Old, on with the New
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Spence, Janet T. – Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2011
All good stories should have a beginning, a middle, and an end. The related pair of articles that earned the author a place in this Special Section, "Masculine Instrumentality and Feminine Expressiveness: Their Relationships with Sex Role Attitudes and Behaviors" (Spence & Helmreich, 1980) and "Instrumental and Expressive…
Descriptors: Sex Role, Story Telling, Career Development, Education Work Relationship
Masculine Instrumentality and Feminine Expressiveness: Their Relationships with Sex Role Attitudes and Behaviors.
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Spence, Janet T.; Helmreich, Robert L. – Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1980
The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) largely measure socially desirable instrumental (masculine) and expressive (feminine) traits which have limited relationships with sex role attitudes and behaviors. The literature does suggest that the traits have important implications separate from sex role behaviors.…
Descriptors: Adults, Androgyny, Individual Psychology, Personality Measures
Androgyny Versus Gender Schema: A Comment on Bem's Gender Schema Theory.
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Spence, Janet T.; Helmreich, Robert L. – Psychological Review, 1981
A logical contradiction in Bem's (1981) theory is outlined. The Bem Sex Role Inventory cannot measure a unidimensional construct, gender schema, and two independent constructs--masculinity and femininity. Such instruments measure self-images of instrumental and expressive personality traits which show little relationship to the constructs…
Descriptors: Androgyny, Cognitive Processes, Measures (Individuals), Self Concept
The Many Faces of Androgyny: A Reply to Locksley and Colten.
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Spence, Janet T.; Helmreich, Robert L. – Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979
A reply to Locksley and Colten's major arguments against the Bem Sex Role Inventory and Personal Attributes Questionnaire. (MP)
Descriptors: Androgyny, Individual Characteristics, Measurement Techniques, Personality Studies
Psychological Masculinity and Femininity in Children and Its Relationship to Trait Stereotypes and Toy Preferences.
Spence, Janet T.; And Others – 1978
This study investigated the relationship of psychological masculinity and feminity in children to trait stereotyping and toy preferences. Subjects (157 boys and 157 girls in Grades K-4) were tested on a Child Test Battery, including the Child's Personal Attributes Questionnaire based on the adult PAQ (Spence, Helmreich & Stapp, 1974, 1975),…
Descriptors: Children, Elementary Education, Elementary School Students, Femininity
A Comparison of Two Cohorts of College Students in Responses to the Male-Female Relations Questionnaire.
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Sherman, Paul J.; Spence, Janet T. – Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1997
Assessed male and female university students' personal gender-role preferences and behaviors in interpersonal situations. Responses to the Male-Female Relations Questionnaire reveal women are less willing than men to assign leadership roles to men, but in social interactions with the other gender, they admitted to deliberately acting…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Gender Issues, Interpersonal Relationship, Postsecondary Education
Comparison of Masculine and Feminine Personality Attributes and Sex-Role Attitudes across Age Groups.
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Spence, Janet T.; Helmreich, Robert L. – Developmental Psychology, 1979
Scores on the Masculinity (M) and Femininity scales of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire were compared in male and female high school students, college students, parents of elementary school children, and parents of college students. (Author/MP)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Attitudes, College Students, Comparative Analysis
Children's Gender-Related Self-Perceptions, Activity Preferences, and Occupational Stereotypes: A Test of Three Models of Gender Constructs.
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Spence, Janet T.; Hall, Sharon K. – Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 1996
Assessed gender-related self-perceptions, activity preferences, and occupational stereotypes in 468 elementary school students. Correlations among the gender-related measures were more congruent with a multifactorial approach to gender than the unifactorial gender schema model or the two-factor model of masculinity and femininity. Instrumentality…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Elementary Education, Elementary School Students, Gender Issues
Negative Masculinity and Femininity: Neuroticism and Acting Out.
Spence, Janet T.; And Others – 1978
Recent evidence indicates that masculine and feminine personality attributes have only minimal associations with many kinds of sex role preferences, behaviors and attitudes, and that both masculine and feminine traits are positively associated with valued characteristics. This study investigated the measurement of some socially undesirable…
Descriptors: Androgyny, Antisocial Behavior, Behavior Rating Scales, Correlation