Observers' impressions of sex role stereotyped dimensions of videotaped male and female cotherapists were examined in two conditions: male dominant pairs, and female dominant pairs. Findings indicated that sex role stereotyping was determined by behavior rather than biological sex, and that sex of experimenter can subtly affect sex role research…

American Sign Language (Ameslan) includes sex role stereotypes which implicitly treat females as subordinate to males. Particularly notable is the use of the upper portion of the head and brain area to sign male specific terms and the lower portion of the face to sign female specific terms. (Author/GC)

Examined the effect of sex-role stereotypes on leadership attribution. Subjects were asked to view photographs of groups where either a man or a woman sat at the head of a table. Data were consistent with the hypothesis that sex stereotypes still control social judgements and that discrimination operates unconsciously. (CMG)

Analyzed changes in the sex role attitudes of college students enrolled in a women's studies class. Found significant increases in the students' sex role modernism, with greater increases in females than in males. (Author/MK)

Undergraduates read job descriptions referring to jobholders as "he,""he or she," or "they" and indicated their interest and estimated how difficult it would be to forget different groups of people. Results for females, but not males, supported the notion that generic use of masculine pronouns narrows readers' attitudes. (Author/MK)

A study of the use of sex-typed power bases indicated that, while speakers who used bases associated with the opposite sex were equally persuasive, women who demonstrated expertise and men who demonstrated helplessness were less liked and considered less competent than those who used appropriate sex-typed power bases. (Author/MJL)

In each of two experiments employing a 2 X 2 X 2 design, girls and boys observed a live male or female model display of appropriate (to the child's sex) or inappropriate behavior. Results indicated an interaction between sex of child and appropriateness. Boys were found to imitate opposite sex behavior less frequently than girls. (Author/GC)

Sex of author and the content of personal acknowledgments were analyzed for a sample of 97 single-author books in educational psychology. It was found that authors were disproportionately male, and acknowledgments to females were significantly more frequently related to clerical and sociopsychological support than to intellectual support. (GC)

Examined relationships between racial identity attitudes and gender role conflict for 95 African American men ages 23 to 80 years. Racial identity attitudes were differentially related to patterns of gender role conflict when racial identity was externally designed. Internally defined racial identity had no relationship to gender role conflict.…

Examined toddlers' awareness of own-sex and other-sex gender-typed and non-gender-typed toys, also measuring accuracy at labeling sex. Toddlers participated in sequential touching tasks. Results indicated that toddlers possessed significant awareness of gender-typed categories, particularly own-sex gender-typed ones. Awareness of gender-typed…

Investigated whether images of human beings in two popular clip-art packages would embody modern, egalitarian goals for gender and racial equality or more traditional views. Overall, the clip-art depicted middle-aged Caucasian males more frequently and in more active/nonnurturant and desirable roles than any other group. Females tended to be…

Research found that young children associated with their own sex those sex role stereotypes that are highly valued in American culture. Four-year-olds were less willing than five- and six-year-olds to associate positive stereotyoes with the opposite sex and to apply negative stereotypes to their own sex. (Author/MJL)

Examined the relationship between androgyny and self-disclosure (willingness to reveal significant aspects of oneself to others). Rejected hypothesis that androgynous males would self-disclose more intimately than sex-typed males. Discusses: (1) compliance with social norms regarding male disclosure to strangers; and (2) flexibility in the…

Uses data from 122 male and 110 female focus-group participants to study why adolescent females use less marijuana than adolescent males, focusing on normative boundaries that restrict females in access to and use of marijuana. Results suggest the limiting effects of traditional gender roles on marijuana use. (SLD)

Examines the portrayal of women and the use of violent themes in 33 popular video games. The analysis reveals that traditional gender roles and violence are central to many games. There were no female characters in 41% of games with characters, and women were portrayed as sex objects in 28% of these games. (SLD)