Using a randomized, between-subjects experimental design, we tested hypotheses that self-critical perfectionism would moderate the effects of subtle stereotype threat (ST) for women and students in underrepresented racial/ethnic groups who are pursuing traditional degrees in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM). A diverse sample of…

Examined Gottfredson's postulation that individuals are more likely to sacrifice prestige than sex type preference when career compromise is needed in college students (n=246). Results indicated prestige more often used as preferred factor than sex type, but career compromise behavior was affected by gender and degree of contrast in prestige and…

Analyzed clients' (N=210) questionnaires rating willingness to see and disclose to androgynous, masculine, or feminine therapist on basis of written description. Clients rated androgynous- and masculine-oriented therapists significantly more favorably than feminine-oriented therapists. Masculine men received highest ratings and feminine men…

Reports on six studies exploring the existence of a complementary stereotype of men as hypoemotional. As predicted, counselors and college students consistently stereotyped men as hypoemotional. Suggests that this stereotype is also associated with biased counseling-relevant judgments. Discusses implications of this stereotype for counseling, as…

Female subjects in this study held an approximately uniform standard for healthy males, females, and adults; male subjects subscribed to this standard for healthy males and adults but held another, more stereotypically feminine standard for healthy females. Ways of reducing sex biases through counselor training are discussed. (Author)

A study of college students showed the subject's own level of disclosure had an impact on perceptions of males and females moderately high and moderately low in disclosure. Those more similar were viewed to be better adjusted and more likable. Subject's sex role orientation had no effect on perceptions. (Author)

Examined therapists' (N=47) verbal responses to one of two videotaped simulations of depressed White male client. Tapes differed in client's occupational and family roles shown as gender-traditional or nontraditional. Counselors evaluated client, assigned diagnosis, and proposed treatment plan. Results suggest that client's gender role affected…

To document counselor bias toward females and identify some of its correlates, six short case studies were devised describing either a male or female. When the study described a female, counselors chose occupations that paid less, required less prerequisite education, and were more closely supervised than a study describing a male. (Author)

Investigated subject expectations for counseling as a function of counselor gender, problem type, and subject gender. Subjects (N=200) responded to the Short Form Expectations about Counseling. Women scored hgher on motivation and openness. Men scored higher on directiveness and self-disclosure. Results conform to sex role stereotypes regarding…

The degree of overlap between scores on male-normed and female-normed scales for Kuder Occupational Interest Survey criterion groups was studied. Results provide clues to sex-typical and sex-atypical interests of these groups. (Author)

Graduate students rated counseling interviews using the Broverman Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire. Client sex was one factor and counselor sex was the other. Of the 37 items, 16 were significantly different on sex of the client. Counselors rated opposite-sexed clients as more deviant from traditional sex role stereotypes. (Author/BEF)

Counselor trainees completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory for stimulus occupations. Analyses indicated that males do not differ from females in degree of occupational stereotypes. Occupations differ in degree of stereotypes elicited. Males do not differ from females in direction of occupational stereotypes. Occupations differ in direction of…

Cross-sex equalization of vocational interests in the college population was tested by comparing 150 female and 150 male college counselees with the "women in general" and "men in general" samples of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. College females differed little from women in general. (Author)

Subjects received falsified psychological test results that were discrepant with their own reports on self-referring attitudes. Both female and male subjects changed their self-reports more when the interpreter was of their own sex. (Author)

Investigated the relation of stereotypic role behavior and women's self-esteem in 456 college-educated women. Occupational congruence was found to have a positive relation to self-esteem. Attitudes toward women's roles were associated with amount of labor force attachment and were a factor distinguishing homemakers, job holders, and careerists.…