Reviews four exemplary techniques: simulation, extrapolation, Delphi, and cross-impact matrix. (IRT)

This article attempts to verify some assumptions evident in the scenario planning literature through the application of quantitative measures. The Dimensions of the Learning Organization Questionnaire is used to measure participant perceptions of the learning organization characteristics pre- and post-scenario planning intervention. Results are…

Virtual teaming has come to stay in the fast developing world of communication as it brings more value to customers, saves costs, accelerates competence, and leverages organizational learning. Therefore, students need to be educated about this new type of team and the tools that are available to facilitate communication and to enhance…

This study investigated the efficiency of item selection in a computerized adaptive test (CAT), where efficiency was defined in terms of the accumulated test information at an examinee's true ability level. A simulation methodology compared the efficiency of 2 item selection procedures with 5 ability estimation procedures for CATs of 5, 10, 15,…

All evening on election night 2000, candidates George W. Bush and Al Gore were deadlocked in the tightest-ever race for the office of President of the United States. As the numbers were reported from each state, the battle for votes in the electoral college swung back and forth from Republicans to Democrats. The next morning, the issue was still…

Since the end of the Cold War, and more recently since September 11, 2001, relations between the United States and Russia have reached new levels of cooperation and accommodation. At the same time, many important developments in Russia remain cloaked by government intrigue or obscured by the complexity of Russia's political and cultural past. This…

Many measures found in educational research are ordered categorical response variables that are empirical realizations of an underlying normally distributed variate. These ordered categorical variables are commonly referred to as Likert or rating scale data. Regression models are commonly fit using these ordered categorical variables as the…

Differential item functioning (DIF) analyses are conducted to investigate how items function in various subgroups. The Mantel-Haenszel (MH) DIF statistic is used at the Law School Admission Council and other testing companies. When item functioning can be well-described in terms of a one- or two-parameter logistic item response theory (IRT) model…

A two-stage design provides a way of roughly adapting item difficulty to test-taker ability. All test takers take a parallel stage-one test, and based on their scores, they are routed to tests of different difficulty levels in the second stage. This design provides some of the benefits of standard computer adaptive testing (CAT), such as increased…

A model for constrained computerized adaptive testing is proposed in which the information on the test at the ability estimate is maximized subject to a large variety of possible constraints on the contents of the test. At each item-selection step, a full test is first assembled to have maximum information at the current ability estimate fixing…

This paper describes the use of simulated appellate court proceedings as an educational tool in U.S. undergraduate colleges and universities (and schools worldwide). Undergraduate moot court is less common in the United States than is the law school form of appellate simulation. Research shows that moot courts benefit students as they perform…

This mock trial curriculum is intended to help high school students learn about the law and the legal system. The curriculum is divided into the following sections: Statement of the Case, Stipulations, Legal Authorities, Witness Statements/Narrative Report (Prosecution Witnesses; Defense Witnesses), and Exhibits (Statement of Miranda Rights; Front…

CATSIB is a differential item functioning (DIF) assessment methodology for computerized adaptive test (CAT) data. Kernel smoothing (KS) is a technique for nonparametric estimation of item response functions. In this study an attempt has been made to develop a more efficient DIF procedure for CAT data, KS-CATSIB, by combining CATSIB with kernel…

The analytically derived expected asymptotic standard errors (SEs) of maximum likelihood (ML) item estimates can be predicted by a mathematical function without examinees' responses to test items. The empirically determined SEs of marginal maximum likelihood estimation/Bayesian item estimates can be obtained when the same set of items is…