Results of study of 256 adolescents and preadolescents randomly assigned to same-sex grade-level pairs in two social situations--a neutral situation and a "male-appropriate" athletic situation-- showed no differences between sexes in overall amount of touching or proxemics, though girls smiled significantly more often than males. (CMG)

One thousand and ninety-seven university students (455 males; 642 females) named, "...three situations that make you anxious..." and rated the intensity of the anxiety in each situation. Correlations between frequency of occurrence and rated intensity for situations named more than once were negligible for both sexes. The correlations…

Results of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory data were correlated to see if they were related to demographic and behavioral data. Analysis was done for male and female subjects. A significant number of reliable correlates were identified. (Author/EK)

Five experiments are reported. One conclusion in that repressor-type high need-for-approval subjects made the discrimination and permitted less favorable self-description, but sensitizer-type high need-for-approval subjects did not. (DB)

Gilligan's theory, which identifies two distinct orientations of moral decision-making, care and justice, was extended in this study. Moral dilemmas were used to ascertain percentages of care-based responses versus justice-based responses in 40 men and 39 women. Based on previous research, it was predicted that by increasing the level of…

In two experiments employing female and male subjects, respectively, social reactions to "success" were manipulated in an attempt to assess the validity of Horner's Fear-of-Success (FOS) concept as a motivational construct. The use of a single-criterion, dichotomous scoring procedure on a fantasy-based measure of the construct produced…

Females demonstrated the same A-Trait/A-State relationship as previously reported for males. Findings suggest that state anxiety and trait anxiety are cognitively and experientially differentiated constructs. The state construct is related to situations; the trait construct is stable over situations. (Author/BEF)

Sixty-two white middle class subjects forming two age groups (6 and 11 years) were given information about hypothetical peers who were described as hitting the subject child. Children indicated how much they thought the peer should be punished (spanked). Older subjects put more emphasis on situational or personal information about the peer…

The nature of children's distress reactions to medical treatment is examined in terms of age and sex differences and initial normative data are provided. Predominately white, middle class children, ages 1 to 11, were observed while receiving allergy treatment injections. Males were observed on 453 injection occasions while females were observed on…

Responsivity to babies was observed in 96 mature adults representative of three junctures of parenthood: parents of infants, parents of 8-9 year olds, and parents of adolescents. Among the measures used were reactions to an unfamiliar infant in a waiting room situation, interest in pictures of babies versus other objects, and sex-role concept and…

A study of 114 Black undergraduates in two predominantly White midwestern universities demonstrates that communication apprehension (CA) among Blacks appears to be an audience-based phenomenon. Black females scored lower than Black males on the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24 (PRCA-24). The higher the CA score, the higher the…

The "diffusion of responsibility" hypothesis as an explanation of helping behavior (or lack of same) is qualified by suggesting that the hypothesis applies only in non-interacting situations. It is hypothesized that interacting groups who are aware of a help-demanding situation actually focus the responsibility and, therefore, take action as a…

Ninth-and twelfth-graders read hypothetical situations in which an adolescent had a choice favored by parents and a choice favored by peers. Subjects picked the alternative most likely to be chosen by the adolescent. Ninth-grade boys chose the parent-approved alternative more often than ninth-grade girls or twelfth-grade boys. (Author/JAC)