The notion of alienation as presented in the writings of Frantz Fanon needs a theoretical analysis which considers its economic, racial and political aspects. Marx wrote on alienation in a similar way portraying it as a self-fulfilling prophecy which is fraught with violence and dehumanization. (VM)

The Black anthropologist, Vera Mae Green, is featured in this analysis of the concept of soul as applied to African-Americans. Music and dance are used to express soul in cultural context. But soul is also a force, an energy which encompasses the Black experience and makes Black culture persevere. (VM)

Phillis Wheatley has been criticized for "thinking White" and lacking Black identity. In fact, Wheatley was a strong force among contemporary abolitionist writers and, through the use of Biblical imagery, incorporated anti-slavery statements in her writings. Wheatley's work must be understood within the historical context of…

Argues that Black families must be judged on their own terms, not by White, western standards. Discusses Africanism in Black kinship networks and extended family structure under slavery and the contemporary Black family. Emphasizes the importance of these characteristics as a source of strength among Blacks. (CMG)

Discusses the history of Black access to education since before the Civil War. Describes how Whites consented to Black education only as a mechanism for containing Blacks, whereas Blacks have traditionally seen education as a tool for liberation. (CH)

Examines Black health status from the slavery period to the present, discusses health status disparities between Blacks and Whites in the areas of life expectancy and infant mortality, and considers socioeconomic factors affecting Black health status. (Author/GC)

Introduces special issue (with same title) designed to demonstrate how Blacks and whites, as allies, used 'tongue, pen, and participation' (social, political, religious, economic, judicial) to protest conditions such as discrimination, inequality, and segregation. Also gives broad overview of Black involvement in the antislavery movement. (CMG)

Analyzes the precollege backgrounds and post college careers of some of the 100 Blacks who attended Oberlin College before the Civil War. Discusses the financial support of these students from the college, abolitionists, the Black Church, and their families. (AOS)

Examines several writings by female Caribbean writers who address the formation of female identity, mothers as vehicles of culture and history, and the identity confusion that comes when this function is removed. The barriers between blacks and whites under slavery and colonialism and how these conditions affected female identity development in…

At the beginning of the twentieth century one-third of black women worked; most did agricultural or domestic work. Gradually as employment benefits increased and anti-discrimination laws were enforced, work opportunities for black women became more varied and better paying. (VM)

Argues for recognition that teaching about the voyages of Columbus is presented from a European perspective. Reminds teachers to take a multidimensional approach that recognizes the Native American and African-American points of view. Examines the long-range demographic, cultural, political, economic, dietary, and labor redividing consequences of…

In an attempt to clarify research problems for historians trying to determine how much Native American ancestry Afro-Americans actually possess, examines the considerable variance in meanings of racial terms (like "mulatto") within the American historical record. (KH)

The French Revolution had profound and long-term effects for Africans, both in Africa and throughout the Western hemisphere. Revolutionary leaders not only opposed the emancipation of slaves in French territories but supported an intensified slave trade, sparking numerous rebellions. French exploitation of Africans extended well into the twentieth…

Argues that too little attention to the history of learning and literacy among African Americans has led to the perpetuation of distortions and misconceptions about their value in the Black community. Misunderstanding of Black children's educational problems is a consequence of ignoring historical evidence and the effects of caste membership. (AF)

Assesses to present state of knowledge of African-American contributions to, and the role of slavery in the settlement of, the Americas. Suggests areas for future research and discusses research problems. Argues that the economics of capitalism had more effect on conditions of slavery than did the legal codes. (DK)