The U.S. Supreme Court, on June 29, 2023, issued a ruling in the case of STUDENTS FOR FAIR ADMISSIONS, INC. v. PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE. The decision was anxiously interpreted as an end to race-based Affirmative Action. However, insufficient attention has been given to their discussions, holding that race was an underinclusive…

The primary objective of this inquiry is threefold: to a) forward a theoretical examination of the influence of a particular era of regional history in a way that b) simultaneously brings the past forward and the present backwards in order to c) exhume the nature of the interconnectedness of past and present in the shaping of identity, politics,…

Misogynoir--expressed gender bias and racial discrimination against Black women--studies have been limited in contemporary adult education empiricism. This mixed methods pilot used social media posts, interviews, and an online survey to examine the phenomenon. The research volunteers centered on American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS), aged 19 to…

Despite recent celebrations of diverse beauty in America, whiteness has maintained its foundation as the standard. Historic and contemporary parameters of beauty continue to play a role in not only American society in general, but in higher education. This paper examines the circumstances surrounding the crowning of two Black women as beauty…

Indigenous slavery was a critical aspect of New Mexican life and culture during the Spanish, Mexican, and early American (Territorial) periods. Aside from the labor and military support provided by indigenous slaves for the expansion of the province, the genetic contribution to the population growth was enormous. Ramón Gutiérrez (1991) speculates…

In light of the demand to make race a central part of our teaching and to incorporate the study and discussion of race into our systems of education, this paper examines the origins of race-based curriculum found in institutions of higher learning that influence social studies teaching in the public schools. More specifically, this research…

The role of music in Grenada, West Indies has traditionally been to pass on knowledges, values, and ideals; and to provide a means of connecting to one another through expressing commonality of experience, ancestry, and nationhood. This paper explores how Eric Matthew Gairy, during his era of political leadership in Grenada (1951-1979), exploited…

This pilot study investigates the role of anxiety for early childhood pre-service social studies teachers as they learn methods to teach curriculum on slavery and associated issues such as racism or White privilege. The findings indicate that a variety of aspects cause pre-service teachers to experience anxiety around the thought of having to…

Formal education within the English-speaking Caribbean Community (CARICOM) may be traced back to the establishment of Codrington grammar school in Barbados in 1743. After more than two centuries of British colonial rule the educational systems within CARICOM states continue to reflect the academic traditions of their former colonizer. Prior to…

Barack Obama's ascension to the highest elected office in America's land is surely a milestone in the American narrative. The events of Nov. 4, 2008, and Jan. 20, 2009, are marks of America's collective progress. In the course of the long campaign season, however, there is another date that also should be etched into American textbooks: March 18,…

White slavery is a slang term which denotes the holding of a person, usually a female, against her will for the purpose of prostitution. A lack of information about the crime exists, partly because of the global nature of the crime. The little public information available shows that historically, prostitution centers were located in New Orleans,…

The 1830s marked a lush first flowering of democratic journalism in America--participatory journalism of the sort that Alexis de Tocqueville heralded. But contrary to standard journalism history, this democratic press had nothing to do with the rise of the penny press; in fact, William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist paper, "The…

Although slave narratives have enjoyed critical attention as literature and autobiography, when presenting them to undergraduates, there is some confusion--usually centering on the dissimilarities between the narratives and traditional autobiography. The narratives are not as linear, not as focused on personal development; the narrators are not as…

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 is a fundamental document in the development of the United States. It is outranked in importance only by the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. The immediate purpose of the Northwest Ordinance was to provide government for the largely unsettled lands north and west of the Ohio River. In promising…

Literature seeks to recover the "facts" and fill in the gaps of knowledge as it enunciates the truth of existence. Nowhere is this more apparent than in African-American literature, where history and art are inextricably linked, where the personal truly is political. Throughout the history of the United States, the institution of slavery…