This study used an ecobehavioral approach to investigate the conditional probability that English language learning (ELL) students would engage in academic tasks in urban middle school content area classrooms within different instructional grouping configurations. These configurations included whole class, small group, one-to-one, and individual…

Teacher-centered presentation is generally considered the only way of teaching in large classes, whereas a learner-centered communicative approach is not considered feasible. This applies even more to language teaching, where the difference between the native speaker's knowledge and the students' command of the language hinder communication. In…

FLEXIBLE SCHEDULING IS BASED UPON THE DIVISION OF CLASS SESSIONS INTO MODULES OF 20 TO 25 MINUTES. MODULES CAN BE COMBINED IN VARIOUS WAYS TO SUIT THE INSTRUCTIONAL PROCESS, AND MORE FLEXIBLE USE MAY BE MADE OF THE SUBJECT OR CURRICULUM, THE PUPILS, AND THE TEACHERS. IF FLEXIBILITY IS APPLIED TO BOTH THE CURRICULUM AND THE PUPIL, PROGRESS IN A…

Development of theories concerning social identity and language learning is explored, and ways in which English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers can support students in this process are discussed. During the 1980s and 1990s, emphasis in research on language learning shifted to its social context. Theorists have begun to find the focus on…