Studies on historical episodes of intergroup violence and conflicts have underlined the complicit role of bystanders in extreme intergroup dynamics. In regard to contemporary multicultural societies, the concept of intergroup indifference has recently been introduced, defined as being uncaring vis-à-vis arbitrary policies affecting other social…

Formal education in Iran, especially higher education, has been a means to smoothen the road to social mobility, provide good jobs, and boost people's earnings. Now, being a university graduate and remaining unemployed is regarded as a challenge. In addition, governments consider this new unemployment a threat to their legitimacy. It seems that…

This study examined the structural validity of the Schedule of Racist Events (SRE), a brief inventory that assesses the frequency and stressfulness of racism in the lives of African Americans. The original three-factor structure of the SRE was examined, along with an alternative structure that was designed to test whether the SRE captured types of…

Argues that women's studies has not paid enough attention to working-class women and women of color. Focuses on tokenism and under-representation within institutions and the weaknesses within feminist theory that result from its classism and racism. Proposes strategies and goals for building a more diverse women's studies and an integrative…

Presents a model to account for the generalization of attributes from a sample to a population in the formation of stereotypes. Argues that stereotypes are heavily influenced by the attributes of those group members most strongly associated with the group label, and that stereotypes change only when disconfirming attributes are associated with…

Using data (N=377) collected at two international meetings of social scientists held shortly after the 1982 Falklands/Malvinas conflict, this article assesses the objectivity of British, Argentine, and North American social scientists' views of the conflict. It concludes that the sample showed national/regional bias and that such bias is…

In presenting courses to students, teachers should acknowledge opposition to their educational choices. Discussions of the bases and possible consequences of choices may--and should--lead students to ask for more freedom and more options. Students understand that teachers must evaluate them, so if teachers offer as much leeway as they can,…

Examines factors that underlie the tendency of various countries to shift responsibility for examining refugees' requests for asylum to another country. Finds that political and economic concerns, attitudes toward refugees and foreigners, and racial prejudice and cultural bias all play a role in a country's acceptance of its responsibility…

This article proposes a multidimensional framework that takes into account multiple categories of difference and forms of oppression to understand and suggest interventions for gay and gender nonconforming Black male students in urban schools. The author builds the case for educators to develop these kinds of frameworks by describing two…

Challenges to public school materials, curricula, and instructional activities reflect perceptions that conservative Protestants face discrimination in U.S. public schools. Perceptions of religious disparagement trigger the establishment of alternative schools. Concerns over materials and activities that offend Protestants are found in Christian…

People frequently make assumptions about others because of their spoken or written use of a particular dialect or language. The varieties of English that people use are often regarded as indicators of corresponding intelligence, competence, motives, and morality. Such assumptions--frequently based on myths and misconceptions about the nature of…

The following papers on the issue of multilingualism in second language instruction are included: (1) "Problemes linguistiques dans les societes plurilingues (Linguistic Problems in Multilingual Societies)," by Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow; (2) "Aim: Multilingualism. The Dismantling of Resistance and Prejudice," by Eva Koberski; (3)…

Many former mental patients see their biggest problem in resuming community life to be their inability to be accepted by other people. The National Institute of Mental Health has worked to remove the stigma associated with mental illness and research has unraveled many of the mysteries about the origins of mental illness. Deinstitutionalization,…

The performance correlates of perceptions of discriminatory treatment, satisfaction, and self-concept for male and female U.S. Military Academy Cadets in the Classes of 1980 and 1981 were investigated. Numerous instruments were used for data collection, including the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, the Spence Attitude Toward Women Scale, the West…

The latest epidemic, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is ending an unprecedented interval of optimism about medicine's ability to conquer illness. (MSE)