To test the hypothesis that television content can teach sex-typed attitudes, this study presented third and eighth graders with television commercials showing either traditional or nontraditional women. Crossing this manipulation, the children's perceptions of the reality of the commercials were altered with instructions. (Author)

Kindergarten, eight grade, college, and adult subjects were presented with a list of 43 adult occupations. They indicated for each whether it should be performed by a male, female, or either. In each age group except kindergarten there was a significant sex difference with females being more liberal. (Author)

Female subjects in this study held an approximately uniform standard for healthy males, females, and adults; male subjects subscribed to this standard for healthy males and adults but held another, more stereotypically feminine standard for healthy females. Ways of reducing sex biases through counselor training are discussed. (Author)

The authors, after interviewing a group of female subjects, found that parents, peers, school, formal institutions and the nuclear family were the main factors responsible for the specific sex-roles women have at present. The authors stress the role of counselors in changing traditional views of women's sex roles. (SE)

This research studied sex differences and age trends in the relationship of occupational preferences and aversions and occupational prestige. The relationships between preference and prestige were positive and stronger for the males than for the females. Males learn to prefer prestigious occupations; females learn to avoid them. (Author)

This project investigated attitudes of entering freshmen college women in an attempt to learn whether traditional sex-role ideologies were still predominant, and what the career and educational aspiration levels of these young women were. The variables most concerning the authors were career salience, educational and career aspirations, opinions…

Females who differed on a measure of parental identification discussed public and private areas of experience during dyadic interviews. Supporting the assumption that fathers are crucial to the expressive-role development of daughters, subjects who identified primarily with father were more personally disclosing overall and talked longer and…

This paper ascertains the degree to which occupational sex-stereotyping is differentially found at different social class levels. Education is found to be strongly correlated with sex-stereotyping of 15 different occupations. Income level, on the other hand, is significantly related to such stereotyping in only two of the 15 cases. (Author)

A role-sharing marriage is one in which the husband and wife share equally the rights and responsibilities traditionally assigned to one or the other sex as part of their ideal family role, in the areas of breadwinning, decisionmaking, and domestic chores. A marriage style based on sexual equality is rarely found in practice and subsequently has…

The purpose of the present study was to assess the explanatory powers of three theories of sex role development: secondary reinforcement through parental nurturance; instrumental conditioning by dating partners; and social learning through observations of outcomes for mothers. Subjects' responses to questionnaire items were utilized to measure the…

This research investigates the hypothesis that expressive aspects of sex-roles are learned in the early socialization of the child. Expressiveness of fondness, sadness, pleasure, and antipathy were operationalized by composite scales based upon responses to 16 Likert-type items, which were administered to 1190 high school students. (Author)

In response to Maccoby and Jacklin's (1974) conclusion that sex differences in aggression must be biological in origin, we suggest alternative social-learning mechanisms to explain the differences. These mechanisms include: (1) punishment for aggression increases aggression in boys, particularly because boys do not identify with the punisher; (2)…

Suicide proneness and self-destruction scales, together with measures of self-favorability and self-confidence, were administered to two samples (n=106 and n=213). It is suggested that women are self-destructive in passive ways, reflecting their lack of self-favorability and confidence and manifested by failure to react to everyday situations in…

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between Home-Career (H-C) conflict, Fear of success (FOS), achievement (n Ach) and Career motivation (CM) for women of differing sex role orientations. In addition, measures of self-esteem, risk-taking, perceived community support and early socialization were obtained. A positive…

This study undertook the following tasks: (1) to review the social science literature on sex roles, sex role socialization and sex discrimination in education; (2) to develop a model that accounts for sex discrimination and indicates how to eliminate it; and (3) to design a program to test the model developed. The study made several assumptions.…