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Shafer, Susanne M. – International Review of Education, 1976
The socialization of girls in the secondary schools of England, West Germany, and East Germany provides an opportunity to compare the functionality of different curricular and structural arrangements in educational systems of technologically advanced nations. (Author)
Descriptors: Diagrams, Educational Policy, Educational Practices, Females

Leventhal, Gerald S.; And Others – Child Development, 1973
Preschool children tended to give better performers a higher reward rather than dividing equally. This tendency was stronger in boys, unless the children believed a female adult would judge the appropriateness of the distribution of reward. (ST)
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Rewards, Sex Differences, Socialization
Baruch, Grace K. – 1988
In the past, guilt has been seen primarily through male eyes and has been a neglected topic thus far in the renaissance of studies of women and gender. There may be a greater vulnerability to guilt in women as compared to men. Given childhood's influence on guilt and on the adult conscience, struggle, conflict, and uncertainty in adulthood seem…
Descriptors: Females, High Risk Persons, Sex Differences, Socialization

Potera, Carol – Physician and Sportsmedicine, 1986
Women athletes are subject to certain types of injury as they enter new sports and develop more aggressiveness in traditional sports. Reasons for increases in certain injuries are explained. (MT)
Descriptors: Anatomy, Athletes, Females, Injuries

Rotenberg, Ken J. – Sex Roles, 1984
Children (in Grades K, 2, and 4) were required to judge how much they trusted each of their classmates. A same sex pattern of peer trust was found in fourth and second graders, but not in kindergarten children. Contrary to expectation, girls were not significantly more trusting in peers than were boys. (KH)
Descriptors: Children, Elementary Education, Peer Relationship, Sex Differences

Blanck, Peter, D.; And Others – Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 1984
Two experiments showed that (1) verbal praise increased males' and females' intrinsic motivation on masculine and feminine tasks, and intrinsic motivation was higher for sex-appropriate than sex-inappropriate tasks; and (2) praise enhanced traditional females' intrinsic motivation even on a task that in earlier research showed striking…
Descriptors: Motivation, Motivation Techniques, Sex Differences, Socialization

Eron, Leonard D. – American Psychologist, 1980
Reviews the results of a longitudinal study on socialization and child aggression. Proposes that boys be exposed to the same training that girls have traditionally received, and that they be encouraged to develop similar socially positive, nurturant, and sensitive qualities that are antithetical to aggressive behavior. (Author/GC)
Descriptors: Aggression, Children, Females, Males

Downs, A. Chris; Gowan, Darryl C. – Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 1980
Television programs were analyzed for frequencies of positive reinforcement and punishment exchanged among performers varying in age and sex. Females were found to more often exhibit and receive reinforcement, whereas males more often exhibited and received punishment. These findings have implications for children's learning of positive and…
Descriptors: Females, Males, Punishment, Reinforcement
Gottlieb, David – 1972
This paper identifies certain methodological shortcomings that seem to be inherent in much of the comparative generational research and also presents the results of a generational differences study in which these methodological deficiencies have been minimized. People of different ages who had served as VISTA volunteers were asked the same…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Age Groups, Generation Gap, Political Attitudes
McCauley, Clark; And Others – Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 1978
Experimenters attempted to make eye contact with commuters as they approached an express train linking city and suburb. Results support the hypothesis that reduced eye contact with strangers in the city is a short-term adaptation to interpersonal overload. (Author)
Descriptors: Anthropology, Ethnicity, Nonverbal Communication, Psychological Studies

Carpenter, C. Jan; Huston-Stein, Aletha – Child Development, 1980
Findings (1) extend the analysis of socialization processes which encourage sex-typed behavior in young children, and (2) support the hypothesis that sex-typed interests and behaviors are acquired, in part, through participation in sex-typed activities. (Author/RH)
Descriptors: Feedback, Participation, Preschool Children, School Activities

Hill, Winfred F. – Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1980
Descriptors: Change, College Students, Eating Habits, Food

Sanborn, Charlotte J. – Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 1990
This 1989 American Association of Suicidology presidential address focuses on statistics of 3.6 male suicide completions for each female completion, exploring hypothesis that different socialization and the concomitant differential expectations of males and females are responsible for the increased likelihood of suicide among males. (NB)
Descriptors: Expectation, Role Perception, Sex Differences, Sex Role

Lewis, Michael; And Others – Developmental Psychology, 1989
The ability of three-year-old children to deceive was examined in order to determine whether they were able to hide their emotional expression intentionally. Results indicated that very young children have begun the process of learning how to mask their emotional expressions and support the role of socialization in this process. (RH)
Descriptors: Behavior Patterns, Deception, Interpersonal Competence, Sex Differences

Fivush, Robyn; Brotman, Melissa A.; Buckner, Janine P.; Goodman, Sherryl H. – Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 2000
Explored the role of parent and child gender in parent-child conversations about past emotional experiences. Observations of conversations between parents and children approximately 3.5 years old indicated that females conversed more overall, specifically about emotions, and used more emotional words. Both mothers and fathers used more emotional…
Descriptors: Emotional Development, Fathers, Mothers, Sex Differences