Details the results of a large-scale field study aimed at testing two theories on human crowding. Found that psychological factors are increasingly important for the prediction of crowding as one moved from the immediate residence to the less immediate city level. Implications, limitations and further results are discussed. (Author/MA)

In this article, the previous four major position papers presented in this journal are evaluated from several vantage points. These include the relationship of concept to process, the study of psychological phenomena with relation to adaptive performance and the problems of measurement of these phenomena. (Author/MA)

Current models of human spatial behavior including stress, information overload, and micro-macro analysis are critically examined. An alternative functional orientation is developed which suggests that seeking to understand the adaptive value of various proxemic phenomena may provide some insight as to how the various proxemic variables are…

An overview of stimulus overload, behavioral constraint and ecological analyses of crowding is presented. Limitations of these analyses are noted, including their failure to provide criteria for determining relative salience of various crowding antecedents, intensity and persistence of crowding experiences, and circumstances under which…