In recent years, there has been a massive expansion of dual language education (DLE) programs across the United States. Many of these programs are located in relatively affluent areas with large numbers of white professional families. Yet, most Latinx students attend high-poverty schools. In this article, we use the School District of Philadelphia…

In this article, we synthesize ethnographic data from two studies in US school districts that were implementing dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs in order to remediate the standardized test scores of students from Spanish-speaking families. While educators in both districts commonly cited "the research" to justify DLBE…

Teacher-led initiatives built upon relationships, moral purpose, and a commitment to act have the potential to bring about change in twenty-first century schools. In order to implement and sustain change, teachers must collaborate with diverse colleagues and members of the school community. Intergroup communication across cultural and linguistic…

According to 2016-2017 school enrollment data, 31.6% of K-5 students were English Learners (ELs) in the San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD). Of the many languages spoken at home by students, the most popular languages other than English are Spanish (19.14%) and Cantonese (15.88%). To respond to their needs, SFUSD offers programming that…

This article explores the placement practices of students into different educational programs in PreK-first grade, including two bilingual education programs and an ESL "mainstream" classroom. We then examine the discourse practices of four third-grade teachers and the school principal. Our findings suggest that initial program placement…

Bilingual programs continue to expand in school districts across the United States to address the growing numbers of students whose home language is other than English. The Response to Intervention (RTI) framework was used to guide this qualitative study, the purpose of which was to identify the extent to which the five elements of RTI exist in…

An evaluation is presented in this report of Project Esperanza, which provided supplemental instruction, materials development, staff training, resource assistance, and outreach services to support the special education program for handicapped Spanish speaking pupils with limited English proficiency in New York City. In 1980-81, the program…

An approach to designing diagnostic/prescriptive staff development programs for bilingual education, in which bilingual education is viewed as an innovation in the process of change, was explored. The aims were to: provide a method for defining bilingual programs in progress and determining the degree of implementation; determine teacher concerns;…

A program that provided instructional and non-instructional services to Spanish speaking students of limited English proficiency at Morris High School in New York City during 1980-81 is described in the report. The instructional component included English as a Second Language, native language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. The…

In response to the shortage of qualified bilingual special education personnel to work with Limited English Proficient (LEP) special needs students, a program was developed in Vista Unified School District in North San Diego County, California, which involves training bilingual paraprofessionals to serve in special education settings. The…

The Bilingual Academic and Career Orientation Program (BACOP) at George Washington High School in New York City is a basic bilingual secondary education program with a career orientation focus. In 1981-82, the program offered bilingual instructional and supportive services to 250 Hispanic students of limited English proficiency in grades nine…

A demonstration program to serve the needs of children who are identified as limited English proficient (LEP) was developed and implemented. Each of six schools in the Austin Independent School District (AISD) contained a class of 18 students, 3 of whom were non-LEP. The non-LEP children served as English-speaking models for their LEP peers.…

This paper is a description of an Individualized Bilingual Instruction (IBI) program which was nationally validated by the U.S. Department of Education and listed in their directory of "Educational Programs That Work." It provides information on the technology of the IBI program, the type of curriculum selected and how the staff was…

The Eastern District High School bilingual-bicultural program served 367 Hispanic students in grades 9 through 12. Students received instruction in English as a Second Language and/or reading English, native language arts, math, science, and social studies. Students were mainstreamed for art, music, physical education, and health. Elective courses…

In 1985-86 Project MASTER an innovative Title VII program emphasizing language development through bilingual instruction in mathematics and science, served 640 students of limited English proficiency (LEP) at six elementary schools in the Bronx, New York. Most of the students were born in Puerto Rico, but many were from the Dominican Republic,…