Most professionals have the arduous task of managing their own dual loyalty: in one contextual relationship, they are members of a profession while simultaneously they are employed as members of a locally established organisation. This sense of a dual loyalty has to be taken into account when professional bureaucracies develop ethics programmes.…

Describes the relationships among ethics documents of the American Counseling Association and its divisions, national voluntary certification boards, state licensure boards, and counseling specialties. Discusses problems inherent in multiple codes and suggests actions toward the establishment of a single, unified code. (JPS)

Presents implications of professionally defined "standards of care" for mental-health counseling, and examines the role of the expert witness in the derivation of standards. Managed care has, however, had a greater influence on current clinical practices. The importance of outcome research is discussed. (Author/EMK)