The reasons for clinical failures of classroom token economies are divided into three groups: (1) Problems associated with the token program itself, (2) Problems associated with the teacher, and (3) Problems associated with the specific population on which the classroom token economy is used. Each of these problem areas is discussed. (Author)

This article argues that the development of school psychology may be seriously retarded unless a program is developed to overcome several hurdles. It is proposed that the several models of school psychology offer the potential but no guarantee that the profession will develop in an appropriate fashion. (Author)

Discusses the accreditation practices of school psychology programs by the APA, and the jurisdictional conflict that has still not been fully resolved. Focuses on self-regulation, nondoctoral program accreditation and the role of social issues in accreditation. (Author/PC)

Describes nine steps that enable a school psychologist to determine the real agenda of a school system. The "real" agenda of a school is defined as those behaviors that are encouraged and discouraged by each school's culture on a daily basis, and is not necessarily equated with official school statements. (Author)

A discussion of school psychology practice is presented, with emphasis on school programs rather than on individuals. The learning process as it occurs in school programing is discussed, illustrating potential sources of involvement for school psychologists in effecting change in education. School psychologists should be well suited to be…

This paper explores some of the issues concerning the acceptance or rejection of positive program evaluation data by the system in which the program is embedded. System acceptance and diffusion rates are considered as functions of first- or second-order change factors. Several approaches are presented and discussed. (Author)

This paper reviewed the studies which evaluated counseling groups in senior high school settings. A methodological evaluation was conducted within four areas: subjects, counselors, treatment, and outcome criteria. Overall, behavioral and directive groups achieved greater success than nondirective or client-centered groups. (Author)

The scope of behavior modification may be expanded by the interaction between the modification of social and academic behaviors, manipulation of antecedent conditions in order to evoke reinforceable responses, use of controlling variables on a school-systemwide basis, and use of standardized tests as an additional dependent measure. Portions…

Defensible evaluation designs must take into account the impossibility of random assignment and reduced options for the use of control groups. In addition, there are numerous pressures on the construction and development of measuring devices and a need for ingenuity in performing statistical analysis. This article explicates these issues. (Author)

This article explores the legal, ethical, and practical considerations underlying the requirement for acquiring parental consent prior to a psychological assessment of children in school settings, as specified in P.L. 94-142. (Author)

Reviews the status of school psychology in Australia. Information is presented on the education system, the role of the school psychologist, historical development, special problems, contributions, and future trends in Australian school psychology. (Author)

School psychologists are being required to evaluate educational programs. This paper discusses the role and responsibilities of a program evaluator, the problems of measurement, and the staff fear of evaluation. A model for program evaluation is then described with an illustrative example. (Author)

Controversy and confusion surround the question of the appropriateness of tests for minority groups. It is believed that the matter should be approached rationally and that examining it relative to empirical, construct, and content validity will be helpful. (Author)

This article discusses general features of school phobia and specific clinical and familial traits and characteristics. Included are overviews of theoretical explanations, types of school phobia, suggested methods of treatment, and their efficacy. (Author)

Discusses four ubiquitous major sources of measurement error for individual intelligence scales. Argues that where these sources cannot be directly investigated, they should be estimated rather than ignored. Estimated the typical magnitude of error arising from each of content sampling, time sampling, scoring, and administration. (Author)