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Ari Decter-Frain; Pratik Sachdeva; Loren Collingwood; Hikari Murayama; Juandalyn Burke; Matt Barreto; Scott Henderson; Spencer Wood; Joshua Zingher – Sociological Methods & Research, 2025
We consider the cascading effects of researcher decisions throughout the process of quantifying racially polarized voting (RPV). We contrast three methods of estimating precinct racial composition, Bayesian Improved Surname Geocoding (BISG), fully Bayesian BISG, and Citizen Voting Age Population (CVAP), and two algorithms for performing ecological…
Descriptors: Voting, Computation, Racial Composition, Bayesian Statistics
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Sarah Narvaiz; Qinyun Lin; Joshua M. Rosenberg; Kenneth A. Frank; Spiro J. Maroulis; Wei Wang; Ran Xu – Grantee Submission, 2024
Sensitivity analysis, a statistical method crucial for validating inferences across disciplines, quantifies the conditions that could alter conclusions (Razavi et al., 2021). One line of work is rooted in linear models and foregrounds the sensitivity of inferences to the strength of omitted variables (Cinelli & Hazlett, 2019; Frank, 2000). A…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Computer Software, Robustness (Statistics), Statistical Inference
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Widaman, Keith F. – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2023
The import or force of the result of a statistical test has long been portrayed as consistent with deductive reasoning. The simplest form of deductive argument has a first premise with conditional form, such as p[right arrow]q, which means that "if p is true, then q must be true." Given the first premise, one can either affirm or deny…
Descriptors: Hypothesis Testing, Statistical Analysis, Logical Thinking, Probability
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David Broska; Michael Howes; Austin van Loon – Sociological Methods & Research, 2025
Large language models (LLMs) provide cost-effective but possibly inaccurate predictions of human behavior. Despite growing evidence that predicted and observed behavior are often not "interchangeable," there is limited guidance on using LLMs to obtain valid estimates of causal effects and other parameters. We argue that LLM predictions…
Descriptors: Artificial Intelligence, Observation, Prediction, Correlation
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Yi, Zhiyao; Chen, Yi-Hsin; Yin, Yue; Cheng, Ke; Wang, Yan; Nguyen, Diep; Pham, Thanh; Kim, EunSook – Journal of Experimental Education, 2022
A simulation study was conducted to examine the efficacy of nine frequently-used HOV tests, including Levene's tests with squared residuals and with absolute residuals, Brown and Forsythe (BF) test, Bootstrap BF test, O'Brien test, Z-variance test, Box-Scheffé (BS) test, Bartlett test, and Pseudo jackknife test under comprehensive simulation…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Robustness (Statistics), Sampling, Statistical Inference
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Finch, Sue; Gordon, Ian – Teaching Statistics: An International Journal for Teachers, 2023
Providing a rich context has become a sine qua non of principled teaching of applied statistical thinking. With increasing opportunities to access secondary data, there should be increasing opportunity to work with rich context. We review the contextual information provided in 41 data sets suitable for introductory tertiary statistics teaching,…
Descriptors: Statistics Education, Literacy, Introductory Courses, Statistical Analysis
Guanglei Hong; Fan Yang; Xu Qin – Grantee Submission, 2023
In causal mediation studies that decompose an average treatment effect into indirect and direct effects, examples of post-treatment confounding are abundant. In the presence of treatment-by-mediator interactions, past research has generally considered it infeasible to adjust for a post-treatment confounder of the mediator-outcome relationship due…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Mediation Theory, Research Problems, Statistical Inference
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Charlotte Z. Mann; Adam C. Sales; Johann A. Gagnon-Bartsch – Grantee Submission, 2025
Combining observational and experimental data for causal inference can improve treatment effect estimation. However, many observational data sets cannot be released due to data privacy considerations, so one researcher may not have access to both experimental and observational data. Nonetheless, a small amount of risk of disclosing sensitive…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Statistical Analysis, Privacy, Risk
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Gwet, Kilem L. – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2021
Cohen's kappa coefficient was originally proposed for two raters only, and it later extended to an arbitrarily large number of raters to become what is known as Fleiss' generalized kappa. Fleiss' generalized kappa and its large-sample variance are still widely used by researchers and were implemented in several software packages, including, among…
Descriptors: Sample Size, Statistical Analysis, Interrater Reliability, Computation
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Schouten, Rianne Margaretha; Vink, Gerko – Sociological Methods & Research, 2021
Missing data in scientific research go hand in hand with assumptions about the nature of the missingness. When dealing with missing values, a set of beliefs has to be formulated about the extent to which the observed data may also hold for the missing parts of the data. It is vital that the validity of these missingness assumptions is verified,…
Descriptors: Data, Validity, Beliefs, Statistical Analysis
Kenneth A. Frank; Qinyun Lin; Ran Xu; Spiro Maroulis; Anna Mueller – Grantee Submission, 2023
Social scientists seeking to inform policy or public action must carefully consider how to identify effects and express inferences because actions based on invalid inferences will not yield the intended results. Recognizing the complexities and uncertainties of social science, we seek to inform inevitable debates about causal inferences by…
Descriptors: Social Sciences, Research Methodology, Statistical Inference, Robustness (Statistics)
Wendy Chan; Larry Vernon Hedges – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2022
Multisite field experiments using the (generalized) randomized block design that assign treatments to individuals within sites are common in education and the social sciences. Under this design, there are two possible estimands of interest and they differ based on whether sites or blocks have fixed or random effects. When the average treatment…
Descriptors: Research Design, Educational Research, Statistical Analysis, Statistical Inference
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Yangqiuting Li; Chandralekha Singh – Physical Review Physics Education Research, 2024
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a statistical method widely used in educational research to investigate relationships between variables. SEM models are typically constructed based on theoretical foundations and assessed through fit indices. However, a well-fitting SEM model alone is not sufficient to verify the causal inferences underlying…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Statistical Analysis, Educational Research, Causal Models
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Weber, Frank; Knapp, Guido; Glass, Änne; Kundt, Günther; Ickstadt, Katja – Research Synthesis Methods, 2021
There exists a variety of interval estimators for the overall treatment effect in a random-effects meta-analysis. A recent literature review summarizing existing methods suggested that in most situations, the Hartung-Knapp/Sidik-Jonkman (HKSJ) method was preferable. However, a quantitative comparison of those methods in a common simulation study…
Descriptors: Meta Analysis, Computation, Intervals, Statistical Analysis
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Lee, Hyung Rock; Sung, Jaeyun; Lee, Sunbok – International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 2021
Conventional estimators for indirect effects using a difference in coefficients and product of coefficients produce the same results for continuous outcomes. However, for binary outcomes, the difference in coefficient estimator systematically underestimates the indirect effects because of a scaling problem. One solution is to standardize…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Computation, Regression (Statistics), Scaling
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