Abundant research in social psychology shows human behaviour is guided by beliefs through two pathways, a deliberate and automatic pathway. Research on student motivation has thus far focused mostly on the deliberate pathway and consequently almost exclusively relied on explicit measures (i.e. self-reports of motivation) to assess student…

The general problem of measuring the association between an independent nominal-scaled variable X and a dependent variable Y whose scale of measurement may be interval, ordinal, or nominal is discussed. (Author/RC)