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Vogel, Tobias; Carr, Evan W.; Davis, Tyler; Winkielman, Piotr – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Stimuli that capture the central tendency of presented exemplars are often preferred--a phenomenon also known as the classic beauty-in-averageness effect. However, recent studies have shown that this effect can reverse under certain conditions. We propose that a key variable for such ugliness-in-averageness effects is the category structure of the…
Descriptors: Interpersonal Attraction, Preferences, Stimuli, Experiments
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Ashby, F. Gregory; Vucovich, Lauren E. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Feedback is highly contingent on behavior if it eventually becomes easy to predict, and weakly contingent on behavior if it remains difficult or impossible to predict even after learning is complete. Many studies have demonstrated that humans and nonhuman animals are highly sensitive to feedback contingency, but no known studies have examined how…
Descriptors: Feedback (Response), Classification, Learning Processes, Associative Learning
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Nosofsky, Robert M.; Donkin, Chris – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
We report an experiment designed to provide a qualitative contrast between knowledge-limited versions of mixed-state and variable-resources (VR) models of visual change detection. The key data pattern is that observers often respond "same" on big-change trials, while simultaneously being able to discriminate between same and small-change…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Probability, Models, Prediction
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Cortis, Cathleen; Dent, Kevin; Kennett, Steffan; Ward, Geoff – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
When participants are presented with a short list of unrelated words and they are instructed that they may recall in any order, they nevertheless show a very strong tendency to recall in forward serial order. Thus, if asked to recall "in any orde"r: "hat, mouse, tea, stairs," participants often respond "hat, mouse, tea,…
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Verbal Stimuli, Serial Ordering, Speech
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Bissett, Patrick G.; Logan, Gordon D. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2011
Cognitive control enables flexible interaction with a dynamic environment. In 2 experiments, the authors investigated control adjustments in the stop-signal paradigm, a procedure that requires balancing speed (going) and caution (stopping) in a dual-task environment. Focusing on the slowing of go reaction times after stop signals, the authors…
Descriptors: Reaction Time, Models, Conflict, Inhibition
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Bugg, Julie M.; Jacoby, Larry L.; Chanani, Swati – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2011
The item-specific proportion congruency (ISPC) effect is the finding of attenuated interference for mostly incongruent as compared to mostly congruent items. A debate in the Stroop literature concerns the mechanisms underlying this effect. Noting a confound between proportion congruency and contingency, Schmidt and Besner (2008) suggested that…
Descriptors: Evidence, Experiments, Stimuli, Associative Learning
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Richman, David M.; Dotson, Wesley H.; Rose, Chad A.; Thompson, Samuel; Abby, Layla – Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 2012
This study identified (a) patterns of fearful stimuli for children and young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), (b) the severity of the fear, and (c) whether excessive fear or the absence of fear negatively affected the participant's quality of life. A web-based survey was used to distribute a modified and extended version of the Fear…
Descriptors: Autism, Fear, Stimuli, Severity (of Disability)
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Rodriguez, Paul F. – Learning & Memory, 2009
Memory systems are known to be influenced by feedback and error processing, but it is not well known what aspects of outcome contingencies are related to different memory systems. Here we use the Rescorla-Wagner model to estimate prediction errors in an fMRI study of stimulus-outcome association learning. The conditional probabilities of outcomes…
Descriptors: Feedback (Response), Prediction, Memory, Probability
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Smith, Troy A.; Kimball, Daniel R. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2010
Most modern research on the effects of feedback during learning has assumed that feedback is an error correction mechanism. Recent studies of feedback-timing effects have suggested that feedback might also strengthen initially correct responses. In an experiment involving cued recall of trivia facts, we directly tested several theories of…
Descriptors: Feedback (Response), Error Correction, Probability, Experiments
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Elliffe, Douglas; Davison, Michael; Landon, Jason – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2008
One assumption of the matching approach to choice is that different independent variables control choice independently of each other. We tested this assumption for reinforcer rate and magnitude in an extensive parametric experiment. Five pigeons responded for food reinforcement on switching-key concurrent variable-interval variable-interval…
Descriptors: Criteria, Statistical Analysis, Reinforcement, Models
Thomas, Ewart A. C.; Legge, David – Psychol Rev, 1970
Descriptors: Decision Making, Hypothesis Testing, Probability, Recognition